tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-44601927155416190342024-02-06T21:39:37.809-08:00Illuminating ShadowsDark Folkore, Strange History and Morbid CuriositiesMark Laskeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09221596829655982430noreply@blogger.comBlogger13125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4460192715541619034.post-40057116316313727082017-12-28T23:02:00.000-08:002018-10-28T13:13:02.579-07:00Fear of the Dark<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large;">The Night Doctors in Folk Belief and Historical Reality</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieInddrN1L29sAsj2n0VAGhZtHTKz1xUmIJ2xKZJjKhCFmQzRmNjGSdUk3PDQq68EgAQhDg8Lh_MOPQ2eH7RsD3XRSBTRtjLNiwKBz6LLR2Dvr3XXVRihP6VCXXdkt3mtsgjVQFdH1fsV4/s1600/186901456.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="286" data-original-width="368" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieInddrN1L29sAsj2n0VAGhZtHTKz1xUmIJ2xKZJjKhCFmQzRmNjGSdUk3PDQq68EgAQhDg8Lh_MOPQ2eH7RsD3XRSBTRtjLNiwKBz6LLR2Dvr3XXVRihP6VCXXdkt3mtsgjVQFdH1fsV4/s320/186901456.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">For generations, an ominous warning had been used to instill fear and obedience in African-American
communities: “The Night Doctors will get you.” It was a means of
social control that combined elements of folklore and historical
experience; a scare tactic used at various times by slave masters,
white vigilantes and overly-protective parents alike. The night
doctors were terrifying figures, the boogeymen of their day, and the
stories surrounding them are rooted in a uniquely American folk tradition – a tradition shaped by the legacy of racial
violence and subjugation from the not-so-distant past. </span><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">There
are a number of regional variations to the night-doctor belief. The standard version begins with an unsuspecting individual traveling
alone after dark. From out of the shadows a group of ghastly figures
emerge, their faces concealed by crudely-stitched masks. To the
unsuspecting victim they appear as ghosts, witches, devils or
disfigured monsters. Some wear white lab coats.
Consciousness is soon lost, the result of a hypodermic needle or
chloroform-soaked rag. From here the true horror unfolds.</span><br /><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The victim is transported in a
hearse-like wagon, drawn by horses fitted with rubber shoe-pads to
muffle the sounds of their movement. They are taken to a dimly-lit
basement laboratory where faceless observers gather around an
operating table to witness unspeakable acts of human
experimentation, dissection and blood harvesting. A prolonged and
tortured death is the individual's ultimate fate, after which their
mangled remains are either kept as macabre trophies or else disposed
of as common medical waste. As far as scare stories go, it's
downright terrifying. Particularly due to the very real history that
surrounds it.<br /></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Folklorists have traced the origins of the
night-doctor belief back to the antebellum period: a time when “Negro
Hospitals” performed risky experimental procedures on slaves with
impunity, African-American cemeteries were routinely ransacked as
part of the illicit corpse trade, and Night Patrols used violence and
psychological warfare to uphold the white racial order throughout the
southern countryside.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Specific references to “Night
Doctors” – also known as “Night Riders,” “Needle Men,”
“Black Bottle Men,” “sack 'em up boys,” “night witches”
or “Ku Klux Doctors” – would surface later, during the period
of Reconstruction and Jim Crow era that followed. It was said that the night doctors lurked the streets around medical schools, hospitals,
poor houses and train stations in search of victims to kidnap for
research purposes. The social vulnerability of African-Americans made
them a preferred target, entangling the night-doctor belief with the
culture of racial terror that existed at
this time.</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>1</b></a></sup><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The height of the night doctor scare took place during
“The Great Migration,” which brought thousands of
African-Americans to urban centers across the country in search of
economic opportunity or, in many cases, to escape the rising wave of
white vigilantism under Jim Crow. Faced with financial ruin,
plantation owners did everything in their power to hold back this
mass exodus and retain the supply of cheap labor to work their
fields. Violence and intimidation were common practices. But
oftentimes, psychological warfare proved to be more effective in the
long term. Cities were rumored to be the hunting grounds for night
doctors and rural black folk were warned to avoid them at all costs.
In time, these beliefs entered into the oral tradition of many
African-American communities as children were told of what awaited
them in the shadows if they wandered off after dark.<br /><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: medium;">MEDICINE AND SERVITUDE</span></span></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><br /><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">To
understand the enduring impact of the night-doctor belief one must
look back to the earliest days of the African-American experience.
Like most Anglo-Christians who settled the eastern American shores,
the initial slave populations imported from West Africa held firmly
to Old World supernaturalism. In the folklore of Ashanti people of
Ghana, for instance, was a deep-rooted fear of the </span><i style="color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Asasabonsam</i><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span></span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>2</b></span></a></sup><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> According
to popular belief, this vampiric forest creature preyed on night
travelers, using it's hook-like talons to capture hapless victims and
drag them into the trees where they would be drained of their blood –
a frightening archetype that adapted well to the horrors of the New
World. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">As slaving
networks were established along Africa's western coast in the
sixteenth-century, rumors spread between the interior villages
regarding the nature of the strange white men who came from far-away
lands. Many came to believe that they were cannibals who possessed
the powers of witchcraft. Given the inhuman cruelties and
advanced technology of the European slavers, these fears were
well-founded. In his book </span><i style="color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Monsters
in America: Our Historical Obsession with the Hideous and the
Haunting</i><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">,
historian W. Scott Poole reminds us that “the slave trade, after
all, did represent a kind of witchcraft and a kind of cannibalism, a
dark blood-magic that transmogrified human beings into a species of
property for the consumption of the voracious plantation system.”</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><sup><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">3</span></b></sup></a><br /><br /><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">For those who survived the
trans-Atlantic voyage, the life of bondage that awaited them in the
New World was a literal hell on earth. The work was back-breaking,
living conditions were poor, and punishments could be severe. Public
lashings or a death sentence by hanging were the standard means by
which plantation order was maintained. However, discipline often came
in more depraved forms, such as sodomy and castration; nose-splitting
or eye-gouging; branding, skinning and scarification; amputation;
and, in extreme cases, burning at the stake.</span></span><b style="color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="background-color: black; color: red; font-size: small; font-weight: 400;"><sup>4</sup></a> </b><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Through toil and torture, enslaved
Africans earned a reputation of possessing an impressive capacity for
enduring pain and suffering. This proved to be a dangerous attribute
in the racist and exploitative culture of the Old South. Considered
less than fully human, slaves were
readily subjected to the most risky, invasive and often
dubious forms of experimentation at a time when the field of medical
research was in it's infancy in the United States – establishing a
pattern of racialized medical abuses that continued well into the
twentieth century.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><sup><b>5</b></sup></a><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">“The history of human
experimentation is as old as the practice of medicine and in the
modern phase has always targeted disadvantaged, marginalized,
institutionalized, stigmatized and vulnerable populations,”
explains Stephen Kenny, a lecturer in Nineteenth & Twentieth
Century North American History at the University of Liverpool. This
included “prisoners, the condemned, orphans, the mentally ill,
students, the poor, women, the disabled, children, peoples of color,
indigenous peoples and the enslaved.”</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><sup><b>6</b></sup></a><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b>Enslaved
patients, in particular, became an indispensable resource for the
early southern medical establishment. "</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">All of the key
training, networks and power bases of southern medicine –
apprenticeships, private practice, colleges, hospitals, journals, and
societies – operated through slavery’s ruthless traffic and
exploitation of black bodies,” argues Kenny. “White medical
students, as a matter of course, expected education and training
based on the observation, dissection and experimental treatment of
black bodies.”</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">7</a></b></span></sup><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Procedures
generally lacked official oversight or basic clinical standards, not
to mention the benefit of anesthetics. Untold numbers died on the
operating table or during recovery and corpses were then sold off or
“donated” to medical institutions without consideration of family
consent. It was a practice that, in many ways, represented “an
extension of slavery into eternity” as white control over black
bodies was maintained even beyond death.</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>8</b></span></a></sup><b style="color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> </b><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Southern medical schools prospered
during the 1830s, in no small part due to the abundant supply of
“clinical material” that allowed for hands-on opportunities to
study physical anatomy, deformities and disease.</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>9</b></span></a></sup><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> In an effort to attract
more students, the South Carolina Medical College, for instance,
boasted that “[n]o place in the United states offers as great
opportunities for the acquisition of anatomical knowledge. Subjects
being obtained from among the colored population in sufficient number
for every purpose, and proper dissection carried on without offending
any individuals in our community”</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">1</a>0</b></span></sup><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Corpses could be harvested from nearby
hospitals or almshouses, or else received following the execution of
someone who had committed an especially heinous crime. Living
subjects were obtained through “slave clinics” or, in some
instances, by placing ads in local
newspapers and offering cash for slaves who suffered from chronic
diseases. One such advertisement, placed in 1838 by a Dr. T. Stillman
in </span><i style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">The Charleston M</span></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>ercury</i>, </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">read: “Wanted: FIFTY NEGROES. Any person having sick negroes,
considered incurable by their respective physicians and wishing to
dispose of them... the highest cash prize will be paid upon
application.”</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">1</a>1</b></span></sup><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">However, these
sources alone could not satiate the medical establishment's appetite
for human flesh as the number of medical schools nearly doubled in
the decades following the Civil War. Medical students, anatomists and
researchers alike would come to rely on a variety of extralegal means
for obtaining sufficient quantities of “clinical material” to
serve their needs.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />Entangled in Night Doctor folklore is the iconic image of
the body-snatcher: ghoulish men who skulked around graveyards after
dark and trafficked in the dead. Grave-robbers, or
“resurrectionists,” were believed to be “men of the lowest
type, murderers, criminals, desperate fellows” who readily
transgressed moral taboos and strongly-held religious beliefs for
their own financial gain.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">1</a>2</sup></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Although
“desperate fellows” certainly played their role, at it's height
the body-snatching trade became something of a professional industry.
Coordinated white-collar networks sourced cadavers from funeral
homes, morgues and cemeteries and oversaw the distribution networks
that provided them to medical schools throughout the country. An
article in the <i>Richmond
Times Dispatch</i> reported
on a mass grave-robbing where over forty corpses were taken from
Oakwood Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia, in January 1880. According to
one witness, the bodies had been placed in coal-oil barrels and
transported by train “up north” where they were set to be
received by various medical schools. The scale and organization of
the theft points to a fairly sophisticated trading network, one of
many that existed at this time.</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">1</a>3</span></b></sup></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">By
the late nineteenth-century it's estimated that about 5,000 cadavers
were dissected each year in the United States, the majority of which
were procured illegally.</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">1</a>4</b></span></sup><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">As can be
expected, it was the corpses of poor and marginalized segments of
society that were most often targeted. Particularly those of
African-Americans. “For the resurrection man, the black cemetery
was the easiest of targets,” explains Harriet Washington, author of
the book <i>Medical Apartheid: </i></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present</i></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. “Most of
the black populace could barely afford funerals, to say nothing of
guards or mortsafes, cage-like arrays of vertical iron gates that
were inserted over the coffin to prevent access by grave robbers.”</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">1</a>5</b></span></sup><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The
ratio of black medical dissections were indeed vastly
disproportionate to that of whites during this period. In Kentucky, a
state with an overwhelmingly white population, nearly 80% of all
postmortem examinations that took place at medical schools used black
cadavers. This trend continued even after human dissection became
legal. For example, two-thirds of the cadavers used by Baltimore's
John Hopkins University between 1898 and 1904 were African-American.</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">1</a>6</b></span></sup><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />In August
1989, while renovating a building that once housed the Medical
College of Georgia (in Augusta, Georgia), construction workers
stumbled across a grisly find. Buried beneath the basement floor was
a cache of nearly ten thousand human bones and skulls, mummified
remains and jars containing a variety of organic matter – “clinical
material” that dated back to the nineteenth-century. Detailed
analysis concluded that 75% of these human remains were
African-American (despite the fact that only 42% of the area's
population was black prior to 1900). It was later determined that
most of the corpses were stolen from the nearby Cedar Grove Cemetery,
an African-American burial ground.<sup style="color: red;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">1</a>7</b></span></sup><br /><br />The discovery was not at all unusual. Similar corpse
dumps have been found on the campuses of the University of Michigan,
Medical College of Virginia and Columbia University in New York City.
Likewise, scores of African-American cemeteries across the country
retain evidence of nineteenth-century body-snatching efforts.</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">1</a>8</b></span></sup><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In addition to plundered graves, black
corpses were also regularly “lost” by Southern morgues and
shipped to the highest bidder. The trade became so common that some
schools even had standing orders. According to one account, “a
Professor of Anatomy in a New England medical school [had] an
arrangement under which he received in each session a shipment of
twelve bodies of Southern Negroes. They came in barrels marked
<i>Turpentine</i>...”</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">1</a>9</b></span></sup><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />Not surprisingly, the association
between body-snatchers, medical colleges and human dissection led
many African Americans to view the growing
medical establishment with fear and suspicion. But that's only part
of the story.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></b></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span></b></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: medium;">THE SPECTRE OF WHITE VIGILANTISM</span></span></b></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />At
the heart of night-doctor belief is the use of fear as a means of
social control. With the potential for slave revolts always present,
slave-owners relied on a variety of tactics to maintain obedience
among their slaves. In addition to laws restricting access to
education, free movement and general privileges, an informal system
of psychological control was developed in order to stifle potentially
rebellious initiative among the slave populations. Such tactics
continued to be used after slavery's abolition and played an
important role in maintaining a culture of southern white supremacy
well into the twentieth century.<br /><br />One means of preventing night travel (and thereby reduce the potential
for conspiratorial gatherings) was to exploit folk beliefs and
superstitions in regards to the supernatural.</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">2</a>0 </b></span></sup><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A
general fear of ghosts, witches and curses was common within slave
communities. In part, this was rooted in West African superstitions
that held over through the generations. But more directly it was
fueled by scare stories that originated with the white plantation owners. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />In her study “The System of Psychological Control,”
folklorist Gladys-Marie Fry interviewed an elderly woman named Evelyn
McKinney. Detailing the fear known to her slave family prior to the
Civil War, McKinney recounts: “These stories were about things that
happened at night. And these were the things that kept you from going
out. You see, they knew that on a dark night, a dark man could get
away and he could not be seen. So they'd tell you these various
stories about these night things, I mean these things that kept you
in fear not of the master himself, but of the supernatural. You know
that you may be able to avoid the master because perhaps he is sleeping.
But you couldn't avoid the supernatural. So that he, that way, he
left controls on you.”<sup style="color: red;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">2</a>1</b></span></sup><br /><br />During the antebellum period,</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> many slave-holders relied on an informal patrol system to keep watch over their slave populations. Night Patrols – commonly known as “patterollers” due to the sound of their horse-drawn wagons – were volunteer groups that would capture and whip </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">slaves who were caught traveling at night
without a pass, block roadways into town and break up social and
religious gatherings. Although violence was the primary means of
enforcing obedience, patterollers were also known to disguise
themselves as ghosts or devils, or else
used stage props such as “a rotating false head, which gave the
appearance of all-around vision,” as both a means of psychological
intimidation and personal amusement.</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">2</a>2</b></span></sup><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Other
props included noisemakers, headless disguises, fake horns and stilts
to give the appearance of ghosts floating above the ground.</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">2</a>3</b></span></sup><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmyxlxfXUQiFhKHlnejzKP8iHY8mt79bQHiIn_iearDmf6mwbPNObMxDT4hKoiNA8ednasaDd2918qj7hCvndIVdLltmyMFEiD87iLuTCYRYpJEPZOuMxCrNkpw7VRLsJ20TifC05FV7gh/s1600/kkk_misissippi1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="307" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmyxlxfXUQiFhKHlnejzKP8iHY8mt79bQHiIn_iearDmf6mwbPNObMxDT4hKoiNA8ednasaDd2918qj7hCvndIVdLltmyMFEiD87iLuTCYRYpJEPZOuMxCrNkpw7VRLsJ20TifC05FV7gh/s320/kkk_misissippi1.jpg" width="245" /></a></b></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In reality, direct encounters with the crude costumes and clunky props of the patterollers did little to convince disobedient slaves that they were being stalked by the supernatural. They recognized the threat of night encounters with white men in disguise, often armed and drunk, for what it was. However, shared stories of such confrontations often lent themselves to exaggeration and rumors began to circulate of the various nocturnal phantoms that haunted the countryside,</span></span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> “add[ing] a supernatural
dimension to an atmosphere already fetid with fear and rich with the
promise of violence.”</span></span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">2</a>4</b></span></sup><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> They spread rapidly, with few opportunities for verification, and
each re-telling only added to the frightening impact of the original
story.</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">2</a>5</b></span></sup><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Despite the defeat of the Confederacy
and the formal end of slavery marked by passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, the tactics and costumes of
the Night Patrols continued to be used by clandestine vigilante
groups who terrorized the Southern countryside – the most infamous
being the Ku Klux Klan. </span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />The original Klan grouping was
formed<span style="font-size: small;"> on December 24, 1865, by a handful of ex-Confederate soldiers in Pulaski,
Tennessee. Initially conceived of as something of a mischievous
social club, the first phase of the organization “relied almost
exclusively on the Black's fear of ghosts, intimidating them by
capitalizing on their known superstitions.”</span></span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">2</a>6</b></span></sup><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b> </b></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">This
largely came in the form of public demonstrations, targeted pranks
and low-level acts of vandalism. Members dressed in white sheets or
ghoulish masks and paraded through town at night, presenting
themselves as “ghosts of Confederate dead who returned to earth by
way of Hell.” </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />An ex-slave named Lorenzo Ezell, from
Spartanburg County, South Carolina, recalled, “Dey all dress up in
sheets and make up like spirit. Dey groan around and say dey been
kilt wrongly and come back for justice. One man, he look just like
ordinary man, but he spring up about eighteen feet high all of a
sudden. Another say he so thirsty he ain’t have no water since he
been kilt at Manassas Junction. He ask for water and he just kept
pourin’ it in. Us think he sure must be a spirit to drink dat much
water. Course he not drinkin’ it, he pourin’ it in a bag under he
sheet”</span><span style="font-size: small;"><sup style="color: red;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">2</a>7</b></span></sup><br /><br />Like
the paterollers before them, the early Klan also exploited more overt Christian fears with their supernatural pageantry.
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><i>The
Pulaski Citizen</i></span><span style="font-size: small;">
reported a visit by “a huge, monstrous, fire-breathing creature
with cloven hooves and horns” to the homes of four ex-slave
families in Bracken County, Kentucky, in March 1866.</span></span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">2</a>8</b></span></sup><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b> </b></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Such
pranks were generally performed under the cover of darkness and used
to create a climate of insecurity in the communities of freedmen. </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />I</span><span style="font-size: small;">t
wasn't long before the Ku Klux Klan transformed itself from a secret
brotherhood of pranksters into a full-fledged terrorist network.
During Reconstruction, the group used </span>violence
and intimidation in order to sabotage Republican political
organizing, drive out “carpetbaggers” and, most importantly,
disrupt the free movement and economic independence of
African-Americans. By 1870, the Klan had expanded into nearly every
state of the former Confederacy and it's membership included white
men from all social classes: laborers, small farmers, the unemployed,
large plantation owners, ministers, lawyers, merchants... and
doctors.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The later Klan is remembered for
it's terroristic legacy of beatings, arson and murder. However, they
also continued to cultivate an air of supernatural mystique and
retained many of the psychological tactics used by the pre-war Night
Patrols. The head of the order was commanded by a “Grand Wizard.”
Rank-and-file members were referred to as “Ghouls.” And local
groups were headed by a “Grand Cyclops.” Additional officer
titles included “Night Hawks,” “Goblins,” “Furies,”
“Hydras,” and “Geni.”<sup style="color: red;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">2</a>9</b></span></sup></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b>As an organization, the Ku Klux Klan sought to
uphold what they considered to be “the natural order” of the
South. They never advocated
for any sort of mass expulsion of the resident black population, but
rather the continuation of pre-war racial subservience under a strict
plantation system – the <i>status quo antebellum</i>.
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The post-war economy was entirely
dependent on the labor of freed slaves; a fragile reality that was
threatened by new employment opportunities and the promise of better
wages in the expanding industrial centers to the north. During the
years of “great migration,” the importance of restricting the
movement of African-Americans cannot be understated. It was a
necessity that gave rise to new repressive laws and forms of
disenfranchisement, unprecedented levels of violence and even more
imaginative forms of psychological coercion. Soon the fearful image
of a robed Klansmen night rider would be overshadowed by a far more
frightening existential threat. <br /><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: medium;">SCALPELS IN THE NIGHT</span></span></b></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Night Doctors, it has been argued,
represented a new phase of psychological control used by southern
white plantation owners against the rural black population. As with
the earlier Night Patrols and Ku Klux Klan, a fear of the
supernatural was exploited through rumors and targeted pranks. These
traditional scare tactics were combined with elements that played off
the (well-founded) suspicion of the white medical establishment and
concerns of body-snatching among African-Americans, giving birth to a
new and truly terrifying monster. <br /><br />The height of the Night
Doctor scare coincided with “The Great Migration,” which lasted
between the 1880s and the First World War. Rapid industrial expansion
led to labor shortages, prompting employment agents to travel across
the South with promises of free transportation, higher wages and
better living conditions to all who were willing to relocate to
various urban centers. The resulting exodus of black workers had a
devastating affect on the southern economy and efforts were made to
prevent further flight.</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">3</a>0</b></span></sup></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Southern blacks were warned of the
harsh winters and outbreaks of pneumonia or tuberculosis that
supposedly ravaged the northern cities. Another rumor involved
dishonest labor agents who were employed by slavers to lure freedmen
to the coast and ship them off to work Cuban plantations. But it was
the bone-chilling tales of the night doctors that proved to be the
most effective means of psychological control.</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">3</a>1</b></span></sup><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The ranks of night doctors were said to be made up of physicians, medical students or hired “burkers” –
body-snatchers who weren't above committing murder to meet a demand
for human cadavers. Disguised by ghostly garb or crude masks, these
men preyed on African-Americans in order to use their bodies for
medical experiments and anatomical dissections. According to the
childhood memories of one elderly sharecropper, “[Father would] say
that you mustn't go out to visit people in the other cottages because
the night doctor get you and 'sect' your body, cut you up to see how
you are made.”</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">3</a>2</b></span></sup></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It
wasn't difficult for this belief to take root among southern blacks.
Slaves and freedmen alike had lived through the bloody legacy of
white vigilante violence, much of which took place under the cover of
darkness and was enshrouded in supernatural mystique. Likewise, it
was a known fact that the early southern medical establishment preyed
on the social vulnerability of blacks, both living and dead.
And above all, the exploitation of longstanding African-American
superstitions, coupled with a natural suspicion of advancing medical
science shared by most people at this time, allowed for imaginations
to run wild.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Documenting
the night-doctor belief as it existed at the time, a dispatch from
Columbia, South Carolina appeared in <i>The
Boston Herald</i>,
May 23, 1889. The article relayed how
“[t]he Negroes of Clarendon, Williamsburg and Sumter counties [in
South Carolina] have for several weeks past been in a state of fear
and trembling. They claim that there is a white man, a doctor, who at
will can make himself invisible, and who then approaches some
unsuspecting darkey, and, having rendered him or her insensible with
chloroform, proceeds to fill up a bucket with the victim’s blood,
for the purpose of making medicine</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">."</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">3</a>3</b></span></sup><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A
number of oral testimonies were collected by Gladys-Marie Fry for her
book <i>Night Riders in
Black Folk History</i>.
At the time of these interviews the informants were advanced in age,
however they still had vivid memories of the
“night doctors” who haunted their youth. One individual recounted
their experience of being chased home by shrouded figures after
attending an evening dance; another spoke of disembodied voices heard
outside of his family's home, groaning repeatedly: “I'm looking for
a man, I'm looking for a man.” In retrospect they understood this
to be the work of white men, likely plantation owners, who sought to
keep the resident black population under control. But as young
children it was proof that the terrifying stories that had been
circulating in the community were real</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">3</a>4</b></span></sup><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There are many descriptions of
the night doctors, ranging from the mundane to the extraordinary.
Many alleged sightings involved men dressed in traditional
physician's attire, “either white intern suits or long white
coats.” One man, a Washington DC resident who
“used to see them here in town,” claimed that “most of them
used to be dressed in a long white coat like these doctors wear, long
like that, straight down to the ankles.”<b> </b>A
number of people also reported attire that resembled the uniforms of
the Ku Klux Klan. “They usually come dressed in white,” according
to another witness. “Like a white sheet over them, a gown, or
something like that</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">."</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">3</a>5 </b></span></sup><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Surgical masks, hoods or
cloth sacks made up in some monstrous fashion completed the night
doctor's disguise.<br /></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVkdGfLYVeO6nYtWUMWwYRpWqO8qKVTaUzRhlBPRUJAZJ7udUj2uYo1cZq-DWKmTALIBhyphenhyphenl1LYjk_aVA9m902Ozzl1xBkjZkilREdpkf5Cbbq97VcYAbO9F2ycExFd9YExX_4SkluwXmVZ/s1600/pic18.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVkdGfLYVeO6nYtWUMWwYRpWqO8qKVTaUzRhlBPRUJAZJ7udUj2uYo1cZq-DWKmTALIBhyphenhyphenl1LYjk_aVA9m902Ozzl1xBkjZkilREdpkf5Cbbq97VcYAbO9F2ycExFd9YExX_4SkluwXmVZ/s1600/pic18.jpg" /></a></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
Occasionally a news story would surface
that seemed to confirm the frightening rumors. <i>The
Milwaukee Sentinel</i>
reported on just such a case
in February 1884. In an article entitled “The Ohio Horror,” it
was claimed, “The Ohio Medical College was short of subjects and
called on [their] usual purveyors, [who] promised to have
three subjects that night. Sure enough, the bodies were brought to
the dissecting-room on time. They were the bodies of a colored family
named Taylor, and were still warm when placed on the tables. They
showed evidence of violent death. It is the common opinion, and it is
supported by good evidence, that these colored persons were murdered
by the body-snatchers.”</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">3</a>6</b></span></sup><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There
were also stories of a more sensational nature, claiming that the
night doctors were reaper-like entities that “formed like a man,
[but] having long, hook-like fingers and a poisonous breath.”
According to one local superstition, “wherever he turns and
breathes upon a house where a child lies sick, the child is doomed to
death before another night.”<sup style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">3</a>7</b></span></sup><b> </b>But
these beliefs were rare. Most people generally understood the night
doctors to be mortal men with connections to the white medical
establishment. However, that didn't prevent certain supernatural elements
from finding their way into some of the beliefs associated with them.
</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">For many people at
this time, regardless of race or locality, the advancing world of
science was not all that different from the type of magic
traditionally associated with witchcraft. The practitioners of both,
after all, appeared to possess the ability to manipulate the forces
of the natural world in order to serve their own ends. Depending on
the witness account or particular local legend, the powers of
invisibility, levitation, spell-casting, hypnotism and, as already
mentioned, “poisonous breath” could be attributed to these
fiendish beings.
</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />Cannibalism,
or more specifically, the production of medicine using the blood or
rendered fat of African-Americans, was another variation of the night-doctor belief. “I have heard that they start at the bottom of
your feet and begin to bleed you,” claims Minnie Bell Fountaine, a
Virginia native who relocated to Detroit at the height of the night
doctor scare. Another woman, from South Carolina, “insisted that
she knows the white men make castor oil out of negro blood, and that
in slavery times a negro would die before he would take a dose of
castor oil.”</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">3</a>8</b></span></sup><b style="color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> </b><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Although
the genesis of the scare traces back to the rural south, it didn't
take long for it to be transferred to urban realm by migrant black
families</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">3</a>9 </b></span></sup><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Most
major cities where medical colleges and research facilities were
located held a reputation of being night doctor hunting grounds. However, whether out of bravery or desperation, waves of
African-Americans continued to go in search of opportunity in these
urban locales despite the frightening tales associated with them.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">One
such scare took place in New Orleans in the early 1920s, where a rash
of attacks were said to have taken place in the neighborhood
surrounding Charity Hospital (now the Medical Center of Louisiana at
New Orleans). Reports of unknown assailants attacking people with
hypodermic needles circulated throughout the community. Most were
dismissed as the product of an overactive imagination (or else too
much Prohibition gin). But the fear remained. Anytime a suspicious
death was reported in the area there were those who firmly believed
it to be the work of The Needle Men. “You takes a chance
just walkin' on the streets,” explained one area resident. “Them
Needle Mens is everywhere. They always comes 'round in the fall, and
they's 'round to about March. You see, them Needle Mens is medical
students from the Charity Hospital tryin' to git your body to work
on. That's 'cause stiffs is very scarce at this time of the year.”</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>40</b></span></sup></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In
time such stories had entered into the collective consciousness of
various African-American communities around the country, with a
lasting impact that persisted for generations. According to an
article in <i>Time Magazine</i>
from October 1954, “Even today in some southern states, mothers
threaten naughty children with ‘the night doctor will get you’ –
a reference to the antebellum breed of burkers.”</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>41</b></span></sup></div>
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</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><b>A BLOODSTAINED LEGACY</b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The night-doctor belief is not as widespread as it once was, but it has also not disappeared entirely. In July 1972, the Associated Press published an
investigative article entitled “Syphilis Victims in U.S. Study Went
Untreated for 40 Years.” In the wake of the pubic outcry that
followed the Assistant Secretary
for Health and Scientific Affairs appointed an advisory panel
to review the controversial study, which was eventually declared to
be “ethically unjustified” and shut down. A class-action lawsuit
was filed soon after and a $10 million settlement was reached with
the victim's families.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDtONlMWNJLFy8bWSmTMrGyhE3qXzUC_vp3jr_-3wg7KVJFPx7uxJ9Mv4hTAcTaExYWek9Ag8bwMkVubVriyUYhyphenhyphen1MYENxaVw3rKRg9zOwwtM9nIBXsxKkBtpkWW9GNcZgCpoU2ICTVd3F/s1600/5177805_orig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="653" data-original-width="501" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDtONlMWNJLFy8bWSmTMrGyhE3qXzUC_vp3jr_-3wg7KVJFPx7uxJ9Mv4hTAcTaExYWek9Ag8bwMkVubVriyUYhyphenhyphen1MYENxaVw3rKRg9zOwwtM9nIBXsxKkBtpkWW9GNcZgCpoU2ICTVd3F/s320/5177805_orig.jpg" width="245" /></a></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The infamous Tuskegee Syphilis
Experiment (aka “<em><span style="font-style: normal;">Tuskegee
Study</span></em> of Untreated
<em><span style="font-style: normal;">Syphilis</span></em>
in the Negro Male”) ran from 1932 to 1972, during which time
the United States Public Health Service allowed for nearly four
hundred low-income, African-American men from rural Macon County,
Alabama, to suffer from the effects of untreated syphilis. Subjects
were recruited from local churches and clinics and led to believe
they would receive free meals, medical treatment (for “bad blood”)
and burial insurance.</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>42</b></span></sup><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />Although
originally projected to last only six months, the Tuskegee study
carried on for forty years without the knowledge or consent of those
who had been infected. During this period, penicillin treatments were
purposely withheld so that autopsies could be conducted on their
disease-ravaged bodies<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span><sup style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>43</b></span></sup><b> </b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Official recognition of
the crimes committed against the victims of Tuskegee Syphilis
Experiment offered little real justice to the African-American
community, and even less in the way of confidence in the white
medical establishment. Reinforced by the scare stories of older
generations, this continued mistrust left many open to the
possibility that there might actually be “night doctors” who
lurked in the shadows at night. After all, the Tuskegee scandal had
more than proven that there were still monsters all too willing to
prey on black bodies in the name of medical advancement.<br /><br />Such
fears would be raised during the investigation into the “Atlanta
Child Murders,” when twenty-eight African-American children,
adolescents and adults were found murdered in the Atlanta area
between 1979-81. Rumors of strange mutilations and hypodermic needle
marks on some of the bodies began to circulate, suggesting that the
victims may have been experimented on prior to death. An
African-American man named Wayne Williams was eventually convicted of
the crimes, but there were those who firmly believed that this was a
cover-up and the serial killings were, in fact, the work of night
doctors</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>44</b></span></sup><b style="color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> </b><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />Even today, we
continue to be haunted by the night doctors as we confront the racist
medical horrors of the past. In
August 2017, a statue in New York City's Central Park made national
headlines after becoming the target of political vandalism. The
imposing bronze figure was discovered with it's eyes, mouth and neck
splattered with blood-red paint and the word “RACIST”
spray-painted across the back. It was an act of protest, one of many
used to target public symbols of hate associated with the Confederate
past, which took place just days after a public demonstration was
held to denounce the monument and call for it's removal</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>45<br /></b></span></sup><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDyoxFX0t-XRfV53uRr_c5FRIsJnAXY7E60_mQUVpUZ3VBLZwd1AURDEZWDD4iuE1md_gUae0xK1GJONX_Vkt-mzXh4vxg7XcTXEQoppo9uu-2UzQIgENLYWiTZUuOwOahiPutwCmWtvTg/s1600/j-marion2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDyoxFX0t-XRfV53uRr_c5FRIsJnAXY7E60_mQUVpUZ3VBLZwd1AURDEZWDD4iuE1md_gUae0xK1GJONX_Vkt-mzXh4vxg7XcTXEQoppo9uu-2UzQIgENLYWiTZUuOwOahiPutwCmWtvTg/s320/j-marion2.png" width="213" /></a></b></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>
</b>The
defaced statue commemorates Dr. J. Marion Sims, both a celebrated and
controversial figure in American medical history. Considered to be
“the father of modern gynecology,” the South Carolina-born doctor
is best known for his pioneering medical research (in particular, a
surgical technique used in treating vesico-vaginal fistulas) and
establishing the New York-based “Women's Hospital,” the first
institution in the country exclusively dedicated to women's health.
<br /><br />In the years prior to his career move north, however, Sims
practiced medicine in Montgomery, Alabama, where he routinely
performed medical experiments on enslaved African women (including
those under his ownership) without the use of anesthesia. Most of his
patients/victims died of infection or trauma as a result of their
surgeries.<b> </b>In
addition to his gynecological work, Sims also tested on enslaved
children in an effort to surgically treat a variety of physical
development issues. He believed that African-Americans were less
intelligent than white people because their skulls grew too quickly
around their brain. Acting on this racist hypothesis, he used a
shoemaker's tool to pry the children's bones apart in order to loosen
their skulls. The experiments yielded little in the way of medical
advancement, essentially serving as pointless exercises in
torture.</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b>46</b></span></sup><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />The
protesting of Sims' legacy is not only</span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> a
reckoning with the uncomfortable truths associated with the medical
practices of the antebellum past</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. It is also an acknowledgment
of how deeply rooted such racial atrocities are within American
society – “a dark blood-magic” that was not only tied to the
plantation system, but also fueled the economic expansion and
scientific progress of the century that followed.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: medium;">CONCLUSION</span></span></b></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />The
persistence of the night-doctor belief within African-American
communities has been studied and documented by folklorists. However,
it would wrong to classify these hushed rumors, cautionary tales and
claimed encounters as simply works of horror fiction. At the heart of
most urban legends is an element of truth. In most instances this
comes in the form of an isolated incident which is then given a life
of it's own through generations of creative story-telling. There is
no hooked-hand psychopath terrorizing lovers' lanes across the
country and police have yet to uncovered any widespread conspiracy to
poison children's Halloween candy. </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">But
that's not to say that there isn't a kernel of historical truth in
these urban legends. Each one does, in fact, contain elements derived
from real crimes of the past.</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />What makes the night doctors all the more frightening is that the belief is not based on one isolated incident. They are the nightmare figures
that embody the blood-soaked legacy of racial exploitation in this
country – true monsters birthed in the shadows of slavery, white
vigilantism and racist medical experimentation. It's a folk belief that was shaped by the African-American historical experience
and, sadly, a reflection of the very real horrors that continue to be
perpetrated against black communities into the present
day.<br /><br />Sometimes things
really do “go bump in the night” and there is good reason to be
afraid. </span>
<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">published by</span><b> <span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/fear-of-the-dark-the-night-doctors-in-folk-belief-and-historical-reality/">CVLT NATION</a></span></b></span><a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/the-great-dying-new-englands-coastal-plague-1616-1619/" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(January 10, 2018)</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"></span><br style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /></span>
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<hr style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" width="80%" />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif;"></span></span>
</span><br />
<div style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><br /></b></span></span>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><span style="color: red;">1<span style="color: white;"> </span></span></b>Robert Damon
Schneck, <i><b>Mrs. Wakefield vs. The Antichrist: And Other
Strange-But-True Tales From American History</b></i> (New York: Penguin
Books, 2014), 233-36.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><b>2 </b></a></i></b>Robert Sutherland
Rattray, </span><i style="color: white;"><b>Ashanti Proverbs: The Primitive Ethics of a Savage
People </b></i><span style="color: white;">(San Bernadino: Ulan Press, 2012), 48.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><b>3 </b></a></i></b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">W. Scott Poole,<b><i>
</i></b><i><b>Monsters in America: Our Historical Obsession with the Hideous and
the Haunting</b> </i>(Waco: Baylor University Press, 2014), 47-52.</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">4 </a></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Donald R. Wright,
</span><i style="background-color: transparent;"><b>African Americans in the Colonial Era: From African Origins
Through the American Revolution</b></i><span style="background-color: transparent;"> (Chicago: Harlan Davidson, 1999),
90, 174.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" style="color: red;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><i><b><b><i><i><b><b style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">5 </b></b></i></i></b></b></i></span></span></i></b></span></a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Harriet
Washington, </span><i style="background-color: transparent;"><b>Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical
Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present</b></i><span style="background-color: transparent;"><b><i>
</i></b>(New York: Random House, 2004).</span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><b>6 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Stephen Kenny,
“Power, Opportunism, Racism: Human Experiments Under American
Slavery,”<b> </b></span><i style="background-color: transparent;">Endeavour</i><span style="background-color: transparent;"> vol. 38, no. 1 (2015): 11.</span></span></span><br />
<div style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">7 </a></i></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Stephen Kenny,
“How Black Slaves were Routinely Sold as ‘Specimens’ to
Ambitious White Doctors,” </span><i style="background-color: transparent;">The Conversation</i><span style="background-color: transparent;">,</span><span style="background-color: transparent;">
June 11, 2015.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">8 </a>Washington, 105.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" style="color: red;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><i><b><b><i><i><b><b style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">9 </b></b></i></i></b></b></i></span></span></i></b></span></a><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Washington, 106-07.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">10 </a>Washington, 115.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="7" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">11</a> </b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Washington, 103.</span></span></span><br />
<div style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="8" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><b>12 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Rebecca
Boggs Roberts, “Death is Never Over: Life, Death and Grave Robbery
in a Historic Cemetery” (master's thesis, George Washington
University, 2012), 19.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><b style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">13 </a></b></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Allen
Cornwell, “Grave Robbers and Dissection Labs: The Nightmares of
19th</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Century America,” </span><i>Our Great American Heritage</i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">,
January 26, 2016.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><b style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">14 </a></b></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">David C. Humphrey, “Dissection and Discrimination: The Social Origins of Cadavers in America, 1760-1915,” </span><i style="background-color: transparent;">Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine</i><span style="background-color: transparent;">, no. 44 (1970): 822.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">15 </a>Washington, 127.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">16 </a></i></b></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Anne
Grauer, <i><b>Bodies of Evidence: Reconstructing History Through
Skeletal Analysis</b></i> (New York:
Wiley-Liss, 1995), 115.<i> </i></span></span><br />
<div style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><i>17</i></b></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="font-style: italic;"> </b>Grauer, 119-21.</span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">18 </a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Grauer, 123.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><b style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">19 </a></b></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Fredrick
Waite, “Grave Robbing in New England,” <i>Medical Library
Association Bulletin</i> 33 (1945):
272-94.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><b style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">20 </a></b></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gladys-Marie
Fry, <i><b>Night Riders In Black Folk History</b></i>
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1975), 45.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><b style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">21 </b></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span></a></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gladys-Marie
Fry, “The System of Psychological Control,” <i>Negro
American Literature Forum</i> 3, no.
3 (1969): 79-80.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><b style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">22 </a></b></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Schneck,
231.</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><b>23 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Fry,<b>
</b></span><i style="background-color: transparent;"><b>Night Riders</b></i><span style="background-color: transparent;">, 70-71.</span></span></span><br />
<div style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="18" style="color: red; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">24 </a>Poole, 50.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="19" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><b>25<span style="color: white;"> </span></b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b>Fry,
<i><b>Night Riders</b></i>, 53.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="21" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">26</a></i></i></b></i></span><i><b style="color: white; text-decoration-line: none;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="20" style="color: white; text-decoration-line: none;"> </a></b></i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Fry,
</span><i style="background-color: transparent;"><b>Night Riders</b></i><span style="background-color: transparent;">, 113.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif;"><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="21" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">27 </a></i></i></b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">John
David Smith, <i><b>We
Ask Only for Even-Handed Justice : Black Voices from Reconstruction,
1865-1877</b></i>
(Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2014), 86.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-style: normal;"><i><b><i><i><b style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">28 </a></b></i></i></b></i></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-style: normal;">Elaine Frantz Parsons, “Midnight Rangers: Costume and Performance in the Reconstruction-Era Ku Klux Klan,” <i>The Journal of American History</i>, Vol. 92, No. 3 (December 2005): 820.</span></i></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="23" style="color: red; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">29 </a>Smith, 83.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif;"><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="24" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">30 </a></i></i></b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Fry,
<i><b>Night
Riders</b></i>,
172.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-style: normal;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" style="color: white; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><span style="color: red;">31 </span></b></a></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-style: normal;">Fry, <i><b>Night Riders</b></i>, 173.</span></i></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: black; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">32 </a></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Colin
Dickey, “Night Doctors,” </span><span style="background-color: transparent;"><i>The
Paris Review</i></span><span style="background-color: transparent;">,
October 11, 2016.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: black; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none;">33 </a>"</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Concerning
Negro Sorcery in the United States.” </span><span style="background-color: transparent;"><i>The
Journal of American Folklore</i></span><span style="background-color: transparent;">,
Vol. 3, No. 11 (October-December, 1890): 285.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: black; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"></a></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"></a></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">34 </a></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Fry,
</span><span style="background-color: transparent;"><i><b>Night
Riders</b></i></span><span style="background-color: transparent;">,
180-82.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"></a></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="5" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"></a></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: black; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" style="color: red; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><i><b><b><i><b style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">35 </b></i></b></b></i></b></span></i></b></span></a><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Fry,
</span><span style="background-color: transparent;"><i><b>Night
Riders</b></i></span><span style="background-color: transparent;">,
188.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: black; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">36 </a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">“An
Ohio Horror,” </span><span style="background-color: transparent;"><i>The
Milwaukee Sentinel</i></span><span style="background-color: transparent;">,
February 28, 1884.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: black; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="7" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">37 </a></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">H.T.
Peck, </span><span style="background-color: transparent;"><i><b>The
International Cyclopaedia: A Compendium of Human Knowledge</b></i></span><span style="background-color: transparent;"><b>
</b>(1900), Volume 14, 97.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: black; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><b style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">38 </a></b></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Fry,
</span><span style="background-color: transparent;"><i><b>Night
Riders</b></i></span><span style="background-color: transparent;">,
200-01.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: black; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><b style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">39 </b></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></a></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Fry,
</span><span style="background-color: transparent;"><i><b>Night
Riders</b></i></span><span style="background-color: transparent;">,
172.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><b style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">40 </a></b></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Robert
Tallant & Lyle Saxon, <i><b>GUMBO
YA-YA: Folk Tales Of Louisiana</b> </i>(Gretna:
Pelican Publishing, 1987), 75.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><b>41 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Colin
Dickey, “Night Doctors,” </span><span style="background-color: transparent;"><i>The
Paris Review</i></span><span style="background-color: transparent;">,
October 11, 2016.</span></span></span><br />
<div style="background-color: black; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">42 </a></i></b></span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">Peter
Clark, “A Legacy of Mistrust: African-Americans, the Medical
Profession, and AIDS,” </span><span style="background-color: transparent;"><i>The
Linacre Quarterly</i></span><span style="background-color: transparent;">,
Vol. 65 no.1: 73.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: black; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">43 </a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">James
Jones, </span><span style="background-color: transparent;"><i><b>Bad
Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment</b></i></span><span style="background-color: transparent;">
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993).</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: black; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">44 </a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Schneck,
240-41.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: black; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">45 </a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: transparent;">DeNeen
L. Brown, “A Surgeon Experimented on Slave Women Without
Anesthesia, Now His Statues Are Under Attack,” </span><span style="background-color: transparent;"><i>The
Washington Post</i></span><span style="background-color: transparent;">,
August 29, 2017.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "tahoma" , "helvetica" , "freesans" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><b style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" style="color: red; text-decoration-line: none;">46 </a></b></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Washington,
63-70.</span></span></div>
Mark Laskeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09221596829655982430noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4460192715541619034.post-46293920186025337062016-09-10T14:13:00.000-07:002018-06-15T10:38:49.286-07:00Sex, Satanism and Sacrificial Slaughter<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Fall River Cult Murders, 1979-80</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIE2E8gGMiIurQTo7M211WI1sus33iMvLE5BBFVNZU6BGl4nE5QiCt1sNeG0O-G9wTWgbMA_LQ9bSQAkanwX7WIAb3I51n-2J9bhppwBgMCW5DF00m-f4TW3vdtxnp22iLHTn2OxxJ6IRs/s1600/480900_386600591450315_1310284092_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIE2E8gGMiIurQTo7M211WI1sus33iMvLE5BBFVNZU6BGl4nE5QiCt1sNeG0O-G9wTWgbMA_LQ9bSQAkanwX7WIAb3I51n-2J9bhppwBgMCW5DF00m-f4TW3vdtxnp22iLHTn2OxxJ6IRs/s320/480900_386600591450315_1310284092_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The new age may have dawned in the
1960s, but it would never fully shine. For many, spiritual awakening would
lead to something of an existential crisis as the harsh realities of the following
decade began to encroach on their lives. Some found refuge in
communes, others turned to drugs or diet fads. And many would join
the ranks of the New Religious Movement: a cluster of fringe
Christian, Eastern mystic, neo-pagan and various self-help groups <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">that</span>
claimed to offer a path to self-discovery and higher purpose. The spirit of religious revival was in the air, but not everyone
was celebrating.<br /><br />The inevitable backlash to these often
strange (and sometimes dangerous) new religious sects led to the rise of the "counter-cult movement." Not surprisingly, Christian
fundamentalists would play a leading role. The shock propaganda of
these “counter-cultists” successfully tapped into the
social anxieties of the day and found broad support among concerned parents. With more women
joining the workforce and increasing numbers of teenagers left to
their own devices, there was a new level of fear and uncertainty
within the nuclear family unit. The threat of one’s children
falling victim to some crazed cult seemed very real. Or so the public
was led to believe.<br /><br />From within this social context a
cultural phenomenon known as ‘The Satanic Panic’ was born</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>1</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Fueled by religious fanatics, quack psychiatrists and the tabloid
media, it was claimed that a vast Satanic criminal network existed
throughout the country. Organized devil-worshipers were responsible
for any number of heinous acts – including kidnapping, child abuse,
animal mutilation, rape, torture, human sacrifice and cannibalism –
all of which was taking place under our very noses.<br /></span></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">At its height, ‘The Satanic Panic’
was akin to a modern-day witch hunt. Otherwise rational people got
caught up in the hysteria and a number of lives were ruined, often
based on nothing more than the twisted fantasies of the accusers
themselves. Eventually the leading “occult criminal experts” were
discredited and public perceptions would shift in a more rational
direction, but by then the damage had already been done<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />Obviously the idea of some grand
Satanic criminal conspiracy is absurd. However, as it turns out, the
claims weren’t entirely unfounded. Though isolated and few in
number, there were indeed criminal “cults” comprised of
self-styled Satanists active during this period. Including some that embodied – or, more likely, imitated – all of the worst
scare stories that parents had been warned about</span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">THE DEVIL CO<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">MES TO FALL RIVER</span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span><br /><br />By the late 1970s, the hope and
promise of the prior decade seemed like a distant memory as the
national landscape came to be defined by recession, unemployment and
rising crime rates. The once prosperous textile city of Fall River,
Massachusetts was hit particularly hard. Factories closed, buildings
were abandoned and the downtown area had become a total wasteland,
leaving behind an economic void that provided fertile ground for a
thriving trade in drugs and prostitution.<br /><br />Amidst th<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">is</span> urban decay a series of
murders took place between October 1979 and February 1980. Two young
women, both local prostitutes, had been bound, raped, tortured and
bludgeoned to death. A third victim’s body would never be found
beyond a skull fragment and clumps of hair left behind in a nearby
forest. The investigation into the brutal killings resulted in
a tabloid media frenzy, with headlines that seemed to confirm the
most outlandish ‘Satanic Panic’ fear-mongering. In the end, ‘The
Fall River Cult Murders’ became the most sensational criminal
case to come out of the city since Lizzie Borden stood trial for
butchering her parents nearly a century earlier.<br /></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo4uHW3b5jG2B0Ok5aGweTWH0lWQ4Iy51BzQpgWUizdPpLf6_HwqCSDjvI68jGZecCITlrSxobVtooqgYNtvQn9D-MwRuY02TTl22DzAQLzMZ7cgNunolFzPzDLn_fpqFwWLlXIa-fvCyc/s1600/AR-310060305.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo4uHW3b5jG2B0Ok5aGweTWH0lWQ4Iy51BzQpgWUizdPpLf6_HwqCSDjvI68jGZecCITlrSxobVtooqgYNtvQn9D-MwRuY02TTl22DzAQLzMZ7cgNunolFzPzDLn_fpqFwWLlXIa-fvCyc/s320/AR-310060305.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">The body of the first victim was
found on October 13, 1979. Doreen Levesque, a 17-year old runaway
from New Bedford, was discovered behind the Diman
Vocational High School. Her wrists had been bound with fishing line
and there were signs of sexual torture. She had also been stabbed in
the head several times and suffered multiple skull fractures. Police discovered that the young girl had been
prostituting herself and initially suspected one of her clients of committing the murder.
However, the county medical examiner determined that the killing was
likely committed by multiple people and the forensic evidence also suggested a
ritual element to the crime </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">–</span></span></span> a possible death by stoning</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>2</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> The trail of blood left behind would soon lead the investigation in a different, much
darker, direction...<br /><br />As it turned out, Fall River’s
criminal underworld was ruled by Satan at this time. Yes, <i>that
</i>Satan. If the witness accounts of various drug addicts and low-level criminals are to be believed, the local vice trade was controlled by a
cult of devil worshipers who took their directives from the Prince of
Darkness himself – who, in turn, was paid off in
sacrificial blood and human souls.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />CHILDREN OF THE NIGHT</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />A month after the discovery of Doreen Levesque's battered corpse, a man named
Andy Maltias visited the Fall River police station. He was there to
file a missing persons report for his girlfriend, a
22-year old prostitute named Barbara Raposa who, like Levesque, worked the Bedford Street
area</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>3</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Maltias told police that he
feared for the woman’s safety. He then mumbled something about a
Satanic cult and claimed to have information relating to the Levesque murder. With no other leads in the case, they arranged
for a formal interview to see what exactly the peculiar man knew.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span>By all accounts, Andy Maltias was a
mentally unstable creep. He was a pedophile, a sexual sadist,
a violent rapist and, as of a recent religious conversion, a devout Christian.
“Jesus Christ is my personal Lord and Savior,” the 44-year old
New Bedford man told police as he held up a small bible to prove
his new found faith. “Once I worshiped Satan, [but] now I worship
Jesus.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>4</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> It was an odd way to begin an interview.<br /><br />According to his statements, Andy and
his girlfriend Barbara were practicing Satanists at the time of her
disappearance. Members of a local cult. Doreen Levesque was also
involved with the group prior to her murder. He claimed to have
no direct knowledge of the crime, but told police that he believed the cult to be
responsible. The story seemed far-fetched and was received with skepticism, but Maltias was insistent. He offered to arrange a meeting with two other cult
members who, he was sure, had more direct information relating to the case. A few
days later, police were introduced to Karen Marsden and Robin
Murphy.<br /><br />Karen Marsden was a 20-year old single mother. Like
many of her peers who worked Fall River’s red light
district, she was a runaway and drug addict. Police accounts describe her as nervous and emotional. Robin Murphy was the exact opposite:
cold, deliberate and calculated. The younger of the two,
she was only 17 at the time. Both a prostitute and an
aspiring pimp, Murphy was a tough street kid <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">w<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ho was described as possessing a high degree of intelligence and</span> a<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span>domineering</span></span> personality</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>5</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />The girls were open about their
relationship as roommates and lovers. Their connection to Andy
Maltias, however, was left vague. They knew him “from around”
(according to later testimony, Murphy claimed that he had been
molesting her since the age of 11)</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>6</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Throughout the interview
Murphy remained silent, studying the officers and occasionally
scowling at her friend. Karen Marsden did
all of the talking<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">R</span>ambling at various levels of coherency<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">she</span></span>
eventually broke down in tears<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> and tol<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">d police<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">:</span></span></span> “Carl Drew killed Doreen Levesque.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>7</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />Far from unknown to the local
authorities, Carl Drew was a 26-year old pimp with a violent reputation who ran his business out of the Bedford Street district. Originally from New Hampshire, he had been raised on a
small farm. In later interviews he would speak about a childhood
marked by hard labor and physical abuse. One cruel ‘coming of age’
story involved his alcoholic father tying a rope around the terrified
boy’s ankles and lowering him down a well to remove a cluster of
dead rats</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>8</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Drew eventually ran away from home at
the young age of fourteen and found his place among Fall River’s
criminal underground, keeping company with bikers, drug addicts and
prostitutes.<br /></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJQKgPT1gqe8AXW4mN4lqEA0syREBrT0xBFTojAQakcYaCLOD0iLW5d-ZJYeKwcYXGs0Tm5r9pCyXz3Fo0b0VB50Pxdr4evhBHx4XYYmp8FdbUIasS6vjuClP-DhJRPh7AQ5Qh8Jjb3EjQ/s1600/carldrew.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="496" data-original-width="418" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJQKgPT1gqe8AXW4mN4lqEA0syREBrT0xBFTojAQakcYaCLOD0iLW5d-ZJYeKwcYXGs0Tm5r9pCyXz3Fo0b0VB50Pxdr4evhBHx4XYYmp8FdbUIasS6vjuClP-DhJRPh7AQ5Qh8Jjb3EjQ/s320/carldrew.jpg" width="269" /></a></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Carl Drew certainly fits the profile of someone who was capable of the type of savagery unleashed on Doreen Levesque. He also had a direct connection to the victim: he was her pimp.</span></span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">9</a></sup></span></span></span> <span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Unfortunately, there was nothing to link him to the murder
beyond the unsubstantiated claim of a young drug addict. Marsden was pressed for more details, and even offered
witness protection for her cooperation, but she gave no further
information. Only a final statement, promising that if she were to
turn up dead it would be Drew who was responsible</span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>10</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Detectives from the Fall River
Major Crimes Division would remain in contact with Karen Marsden in the weeks that followed,
hoping to learn more about 'The Fall River Cult' – as this motley
group of pimp and prostitute practitioners of the black arts came to
be known. <br /><br />“I’m a good person,” Marsden sobbed, “I believe in
God.” Fearing for her life, she referred to Carl Drew as “The
Devil” and told police of the consequences she expected for her
betrayal</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> In a narrative that mirrored the Manson Family cult,
she claimed that Drew organized his prostitution ring as a Satanic
coven that he ruled with an iron fist. “Satan will take his toll,”
he would threaten the girls</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>12</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> For the more Christian-fearful,
like Marsden, this meant not only a violent death. She also believed that
her soul would be sacrificed <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">and</span> cast into the flaming pits
of Hell for eternity<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span><br /><br />Accompanied by Carol Fletcher, another
young area prostitute with ties to the cult, Marsden took police to
the nearby Freetown State Forest. It was here that the girls claimed
that the cult held their nocturnal gatherings. As they passed by an
algae-covered pool of water (an old, disused public works project)<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span>Marsden cowered in
fear. This is where she was told that Carl Drew would dump
her body<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">–</span></span></span></span> </span>after “injecting battery acid into her veins” and
“offering her soul to Satan”<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">–</span></span></span></span> if she talked to the police</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>13</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />When it came to threats of violence the feared pimp seemed to excel in morbid creativity.
Another girl who worked for Drew named Cookie (aka Mildred Jukes)
later told police of his planned retribution against a woman who had
gotten her arrested for prostitution. “He said he was going to kill
her for it,” she claimed, “tie her to a tree to be sacrificed and
pour warm blood from a live goat all over her face.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>14</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />Carl Drew. Satanist. Bad man. If the
stories were to be believed, it would seem that the detectives had
their murder suspect. However, as they got Karen Marsden talking
more, they came to find out that Drew was not the only dangerous individual in her
life<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. </span>As it turned out, Robin Murphy, her
teenage friend and lover, also had a dark side. A very dark side.
Even before her introduction to the circle of Satanists based out of
Bedford Street’s red light scene, the young girl had long been
dabbling in the occult. She was also described by those around her as being psychologically unstable and prone to violence. Far from being an
unwilling participant or minor player, the young girl would soon
emerge as a – and possibly <i>the</i> – central figure involved in the
'Fall River Cult Murders.'</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">RITUAL OFFERING</span>S</span></span></b></span><br /><br />As the detectives were becoming
familiar with this murky cast of characters associated with 'The Fall
River Cult,' another body had been discovered. On January 26, 1980, the
frozen and bloodied corpse of Barbara Raposa was found in the
woods behind an abandoned printing factory. Her wrists were tied
together with fishing line, she had been sexually assaulted and her
skull had been crushed with a rock. Another local prostitute and
Satanist dabbler killed in (remarkably similar) cold blood.<br /><br />The Levesque case had given police a
glimpse into the strange and shadowy underworld that existed in their
city. It also gave them a circle of potential suspects, some of who
were already under investigation. It didn't take long to connect the dots<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJOqXBtUS_mctWnZUxMyg44eUzfyyFQmPGh5Ho_nhA-cH533S8imuMXw8FUs7rY0KtO9zN-jPfpH59CnGUDYvS7Nq2OMqOoO7BbE5ceWYo0joBchyphenhyphenyCuoGN9jCZS0YWVsOz3xq1bM9sUnL/s1600/Scan0002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJOqXBtUS_mctWnZUxMyg44eUzfyyFQmPGh5Ho_nhA-cH533S8imuMXw8FUs7rY0KtO9zN-jPfpH59CnGUDYvS7Nq2OMqOoO7BbE5ceWYo0joBchyphenhyphenyCuoGN9jCZS0YWVsOz3xq1bM9sUnL/s320/Scan0002.jpg" width="260" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The first to be interviewed
in connection with Raposa’s murder was Andy Maltias, the last known person to see her alive. A nervous Maltias denied
any knowledge of the crime. However, a few days later he contacted
police after receiving details of the murder in “a psychic dream.”
Very specific details. Police played along and brought Maltias to the
crime scene, allowing him to describe what he had seen in his
“dream.” It turns out that he was quite the clairvoyant, knowing
exactly where the woman’s body had been discovered, its
positioning, time of death, method of killing and various other
details that were not made public at that time</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>15</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> His
“psychic testimony” was indeed helpful to the investigation,
although probably not in the way it was intended. A confused Maltias
soon found himself in handcuffs and charged with murder.<br /><br />In the days following his arrest the investigation would receive further assistance from an unexpected
source: Robin Murphy contacted police and offered to testify against
Andy Maltias as a witness to the murder</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>16</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> She also claimed to
have been present for the killing of Doreen Levesque and agreed to
turn state’s evidence in that case as well. In exchange for her
cooperation she brokered a deal where she was placed in protective
custody and granted immunity in both murders. Shrewd girl.<br /><br />The story she gave police, and later
repeated in court, was that Andy Maltais had killed Barbara Raposa after
discovering that she had been cheating on him with another man. Murphy claimed to have been with them both on the night of
the murder. They had all been partying together while driving around the city and at some point
the couple started arguing. Maltias then parked his car behind the
abandoned factory, dragged Raposa out and raped her. She
cried for help and he proceeded to beat her, first with his fists
and then with a rock. Afterwards he drove off with Murphy, leaving his
bloodied girlfriend to “crawl away” on her own</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>17</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />Why didn’t Murphy go to the police
sooner? She claimed that Maltias had threatened her with the same
fate if she talked. It was only after he was behind bars that she
felt safe enough to come forward with her story. It was a testimony
full of holes, but, given his past history of violent sexual
transgressions, it would be enough to put Andy Maltias away for the
rest of his life. With rumors of
Satanism and human sacrifice in the air, the more mundane jealous rage motive came as something
of a media disappointment. Barely even worthy of a front page
headline. What about Carl Drew and his cult of murderous black-robed followers? Those details would come to light during
Murphy’s recounting of the Doreen Levesque murder.<br /><br />Although the forensic evidence was near-identical to the Raposa case, according to Murphy there was no direct
connection between the two murders – except for the fact that she
happened to be present for both. “The killing of Doreen Levesque
was an offering of the soul [to] Satan,” she would tell police</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>18</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> And, as expected, Carl Drew was behind it.<br /></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4-OSNouWwe66fwYPe-QjWUWlAJSscoyzTyY0fHKcbdICkV9Qchl2hcb4tohnGGMocVDP8G2UWb3GEc0qEaGRj7Dd1-8-b1MVAuwkup5oklg_mbgq4YiNBbnbsgWkD8aaR09Kq03i7qEBt/s1600/4586712006_d5b63c5415_z.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4-OSNouWwe66fwYPe-QjWUWlAJSscoyzTyY0fHKcbdICkV9Qchl2hcb4tohnGGMocVDP8G2UWb3GEc0qEaGRj7Dd1-8-b1MVAuwkup5oklg_mbgq4YiNBbnbsgWkD8aaR09Kq03i7qEBt/s320/4586712006_d5b63c5415_z.jpg" width="194" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Murphy claimed that the teenage
prostitute had recently left Drew’s coven with the intention of
working the streets on her own. Unfortunately, leaving the group
wasn't so easy. Satan had a toll that needed to be paid.
Aiming to collect, Drew tracked down his former employee at a Bedford
Street bar and forced her into his car. Robin Murphy, Karen Marsden
and a man named Willie Smith, who was Drew’s friend and a fellow
Satanist, came along for the ride. Drew threatened Levesque, telling
her that she “couldn’t afford to work the streets alone” and
backhanded her across the face. They pulled behind the high school
and the two men took the girl under some bleachers, out of sight.
Murphy and Marsden stayed with the car. According to her initial statement, Murphy heard no screams and
claimed to see nothing. After a while the men returned without
Levesque and the four of them drove away. When asked what happened to <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">her</span>, Drew replied, “You don’t want to know.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">1</a>9</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />Murphy’s version of events may
have been plausible if Doreen Levesque had been, say, quietly
smothered or strangled to death. But the testimony didn’t at all
match up with the forensic evidence left behind, which painted an
extremely violent picture of sexual assault, prolonged torture and a
very bloody death. It’s hard to believe that she heard no screams
and saw no evidence of blood on either man. Also, according to her,
the whole ordeal was over in a matter of minutes. In fact, she told
police that she wasn’t even certain that Levesque had been murdered
until she saw it in the newspapers a few days later</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>20</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> In time,
her story evolved to include various gory details and Satanic
embellishments<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, all of which<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> had</span></span> apparently slipped her mind during the initial
interview. </span></span></span>
</div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">THE SACRIFICE OF KAREN MARS<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">DEN</span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span><br /><br />Robin Murphy wasn’t the only cult
member talking to the police at this time. Since her initial interview, Karen
Marsden continued to stay in touch with detectives working on the case. It’s
generally believed that she was present for both murders, though her
recollections would sharply contrast with Murphy’s version of
events. While she maintained that Carl Drew was the cult figurehead behind these killings, she pointed to Murphy as also playing a direct leading
role. In particular, according to Marsden, she had instructed all
those present to take part in the mutilation of Levesque and Raposa’s
bodies – possibly for ritual purposes, but more likely to keep
their silence by directly involving them in the crimes</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>21</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />Unfortunately, Karen Marsden was
considered an unreliable witness. Due to her drug use, erratic
behavior and unwillingness to testify in court, her statements were
basically treated as gossip by police. That’s not to say that they
doubted her claims, only that they were unable to do much with
the information that she had provided them with. She also seemed to get worse with each meeting. By the time of her final interview she
was on the verge of an emotional breakdown, convinced that she was going to be the next sacrificial murder. In the end, this paranoia would be well-founded. She was
reported missing on February 9, 1980</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>22</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />Two months later, a grisly discovery
was made in the nearby beach town of Westport. While clearing a
parcel of land near Devol Pond, a man stumbled across the top half of a
human skull. Police arrived on the scene and conducted a more
detailed search of the area. They turned up the decaying carcasses
of three cats, sheep bones and clumps of human hair. They also
found some jewelry, a high-heeled shoe and pieces torn from a woman’s
sweater</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" style="color: red;">23</a></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5seqOwi88C8J9gCj_nXJ6Jid3ogL642mvjNMtLxxS3AIpeCnjM-4sQx_XvD6TSLzbOGpWZQsAjhstXQsDBsKpD0ORKFaUS6RgRYuiP0Fj1nQ8ipWIR9XPL5iRRkBcIa5-HLIKSMFfAZtJ/s1600/skull.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="463" data-original-width="530" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5seqOwi88C8J9gCj_nXJ6Jid3ogL642mvjNMtLxxS3AIpeCnjM-4sQx_XvD6TSLzbOGpWZQsAjhstXQsDBsKpD0ORKFaUS6RgRYuiP0Fj1nQ8ipWIR9XPL5iRRkBcIa5-HLIKSMFfAZtJ/s320/skull.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Forensics determined that the
skull belonged to Karen Marsden. Soon after, a woman named Maureen (“Sonny”) Sparda contacted police and named Robin Murphy as
Karen’s killer. The inter-cult killings had gone too far. Sonny was
a former prostitute who lived in the Harbor Terrace housing projects
near Fall River’s waterfront. She hosted a number of Satanic
gatherings in her apartment and acted as something of a den mother
figure to the young prostitutes, runaways and drug-users who hung out
there. She was also Murphy’s ex-lover. According to her, Robin had
admitted to the murder during a phone conversation</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>24</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />Carol Fletcher, who accompanied
Marsden when she took police on a tour of the Freetown State Forest a
few months earlier, also came forward with information. She claimed
that Robin Murphy and Carl Drew were responsible for the murder.
Drew’s friend Carl Davis, a pimp who operated out of both Fall
River and nearby Providence, Rhode Island was also present. Fletcher,
herself, had driven the group out to the secluded wooded area where
the Satanic sacrifice took place</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>25</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />As part of her witness protection
agreement in the Raposa case, Robin Murphy was relocated to Dallas,
Texas, where she was staying with a friend until Maltias went to
trial. </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Following the accusations that connected
her to Karen Marsden’s murder, </span></span></span>a warrant was issued for her arrest and she was immediately
brought back to Fall River. Carl Drew and Carl Davis were also
indicted and placed under arrest. </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">They weren’t hard to track down as both of them were serving short sentences in county jail on unrelated assault charges.<br /><br />During her interrogation, Robin Murphy
broke down and told police “everything” (in truth, it is a story
that would continually evolve throughout the trial and be recanted
during parole hearings years later). Karen Marsden
had become too much of a liability. She was a witness to the killing
of Doreen Levesque and rumored to have gone to the police. Carl Drew
decided her fate. With the help of Carl Davis, he forced Murphy to
take part in the murder as an act of loyalty to the cult</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>26</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />According to her statements, Murphy
was made to drag Marsden from the car and pull out her hair.
This was followed by a ritual stoning by Drew, Murphy, Fletcher and
Davis. Drew then cut off one of Marsden’s fingers (“to make her
feel pain”) and broke her neck with his bare hands. While in a
“trance-like state” and under the direction of Drew, Murphy
followed up by slitting Marsden’s throat with a knife that was
handed to her by Davis</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>27</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> The two men then tore the girl’s
head off and kicked it around the woods.<br /><br />The frenzied postmortem defilement
would reach it’s climax as homage was paid to Satan. Drew carved an
“X” into Marsden’s torso and began to speak in tongues,
offering her soul to the Dark Lord. He then dipped his thumb in her
blood and made an “X” on Murphy’s forehead</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>28</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> To break one
final moral taboo, Murphy was made to perform oral sex on the
headless cadaver before it was dumped in the woods, doused in
gasoline and burned to ashes</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">2</a>9</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">THE ANATOMY OF DEVIL WORSH<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">IP</span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span><br /><br />The more bizarre claims made during
the 'Fall River Cult Murder' investigations – like much of the
evidence associated with cult-related cases during ‘The Satanic
Panic’ – are likely works of fiction. Many of the
“facts” are, in fact, based on the word of a mentally unstable
young woman who was known to manipulate those around her. It also eventually came to light that a fair bit of witness tampering,
manipulation and misconduct took place throughout the
investigation by police, including detectives who may have helped frame the case based on their own strongly-held Catholic beliefs</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" style="color: red;">30</a><br /></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUAXUdR-tH1kHMINOq66HX0cEwJgQ4uxaVeRLmZd1i_u7MMpjWn3nTBn5_U7vlFwNaoAcc284DxAWSyimuIEQm7eIv53U-zzzY1QAv5KPly3kaBYCeSuH26zEWsewwj8y6eilejQzeoJFR/s1600/nk_baphomet_pentagram_leviathan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="256" data-original-width="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUAXUdR-tH1kHMINOq66HX0cEwJgQ4uxaVeRLmZd1i_u7MMpjWn3nTBn5_U7vlFwNaoAcc284DxAWSyimuIEQm7eIv53U-zzzY1QAv5KPly3kaBYCeSuH26zEWsewwj8y6eilejQzeoJFR/s1600/nk_baphomet_pentagram_leviathan.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">However, the fact remains that three women – all connected through their occupations and extracurricular occult activities – were brutally murdered under similar circumstances. It’s tempting to dismiss the cult as nothing more than a tool of fear used to control Fall River’s young and impressionable prostitutes (or else a diversion to conceal the true motives behind these violent crimes). But it appears that, at least in some form, a Satanic grouping existed in the area at this time and most of the people connected to the case had ties to it. Some by their own admission. It’s unlikely that all of them had imagined what they had seen or taken part in.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In fact, two detectives from Fall River’s Major Crimes Division even managed to witness one of the group’s black masses held in Sonny Sparda’s apartment firsthand as part of their investigation. “We pray to Satan. We chant. We try to conjure him,” she explained. In attendance that night were Carl Drew, Robin Murphy, Sparda and a few other Bedford Street regulars. Assembled under a large mural of the Devil painted on the living room wall, congregants formed a circle and started to chant (“Hail. Satan. Hail. Satan.”). Leading the ceremony was a woman later identified as a prostitute from Providence, Rhode Island</span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">31</span></a></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />Although this particular meeting ended
in anti-climax, Sparda described the more lively black mass
gatherings that took place in the Freetown State Forest. She denied
any knowledge of human sacrifice, but admitted that goats or stray
cats were occasionally used during the ceremonies. The warm blood
would be used in mock baptisms and poured over the heads of the
gathered congregants</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>32</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> During the course of these rituals it’s
claimed that participants lost consciousness or spoke in
tongues. “[Satan appears] in a form where we feel his presence, or
he takes possession of one of us,” Sparda claimed. “You can
tell when Satan is there. Some people even let him speak through
them, in his own language. It isn’t human speech; there’s no way
anyone on earth could fake it.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>33</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />In a later court testimony, Robin
Murphy made similar claims. In addition to the chanting and
incomprehensible speech, she noted the use of a skull and a substance
she believed to be human blood during the ceremonies. She claimed to
have attended ten such cult gatherings between October 1979 and
February 1980, including the two where Levesque and Marsden were
killed</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>34</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />The beliefs of 'The Fall River Cult'
could best be described as a crude form of ‘theistic satanism’ –
that is, literal Devil worship. “I worship Satan,” Carl Drew
would tell police while under interrogation. “I worship him like
you worship God.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>35</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> "Satan" was not treated as some philosophical
archetype or metaphor. He was the theistic embodiment of pure evil
cast in the Christian tradition. For people like Drew, there is power in evil. A power that could be harnessed through Satanic
devotion and used to control the city’s vice trade. As Burton Wolfe wrote in his
introduction to Anton LeVay’s <i>The Satanic Bible</i>, “[Satanism] is
based on the belief that human beings are inherently selfish, violent
creatures, that life is a Darwinian struggle for survival of the
fittest, that only the strong survive and the earth will be ruled by
those who fight to win the ceaseless competition that exists in all
jungles – including those of urbanized society.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>36</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />The practices of the group were of
a homegrown variety, with no known connection to any of the established
Satanist organizations that existed at the time (such as ‘The Church of
Satan’ or ‘Temple of Set’). If anything, the Cult’s nocturnal
gatherings most closely resembled the type of worship associated with
various Charismatic Christian sects – albeit an inverted version –
with participants claiming to speak in tongues, conjure deities and
achieve altered states of consciousness. Much of this <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">was likely</span>
inspired by occult horror movies<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span>and the <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ty<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">pe of </span></span></span>activities that the tabloid media attributed
to "Satanis<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ts</span>" during 'The Satanic Panic' era.<br /><br />Blood sacrifice also played an important
role in the group’s ritual practices. “They kill every thirty
days or so – on the full moon,” cult member Cookie would tell
police. “It’s always a ritual, that they offer up the victim as a
sacrifice to Satan.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>37</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Like many of the claims made, it is unclear how much of this was based on
reality and how much was based on rumor. At the very least, animal
sacrifices did seem to take place based on the witness accounts. But
it was never proven that the<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> group</span> performed collective
acts of ritual murder on human victims. Although details of Satanic
worship would come up repeatedly throughout the trials, the
prosecution decided it would only complicate the proceedings if they
explicitly connected the three murders to a broader conspiracy<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span><br /><br />However, if the three murders were
indeed self-styled sacrificial offerings to Satan, the details of sexual torment
and prolonged torture do follow a certain logic. “In addition to
satisfying sadistic urges,” psychologist Gail Feldman writes
in her study of <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">r</span>itualized <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">a</span>buse, “torture is [used] to force
the victim to a maximum state of emotional arousal, where it is
believed that the greatest amount of life force is extracted at the
moment of death.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" style="color: red;">38</a></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtJAak0nfrbzH1IP8FuOzwLVGicpSMk8imX7jtQMs4ePrY9CH4iCMps3Z6iZ1qt5_AEYuzuY_3hAsgh-wK0Y0_LWSOHObE42_qr50KaN0n_dhsuXHF-GHraRifzQxP1kQgbuBLYq6XJgRh/s1600/7718207_orig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="393" data-original-width="590" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtJAak0nfrbzH1IP8FuOzwLVGicpSMk8imX7jtQMs4ePrY9CH4iCMps3Z6iZ1qt5_AEYuzuY_3hAsgh-wK0Y0_LWSOHObE42_qr50KaN0n_dhsuXHF-GHraRifzQxP1kQgbuBLYq6XJgRh/s320/7718207_orig.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Throughout the investigation,
police heard numerous references to the Freetown State Forest.
This is where most of the group's activity was centered. The
forest has its own dark history, serving as the location to a number
of violent crimes and tragic events over the years. Some say that the
five-thousand acre reservation is cursed land. It’s also known to
be a hotbed of paranormal activity</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">3</a>9</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Perhaps this is what draws
occult<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ist</span>s to meet here under the cover of darkness.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />While searching the forest for clues
relating to the three murders, police discovered an abandoned shack
where it was claimed the group held orgies and prepared for their
ritual activities. A number of “cult-related items” were
discovered at the site, but no evidence that could be tied to any of
the crimes</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>40</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Gatherings were held deeper in the forest around
“the altar” – a large, flat stone slab, where torch-lit
ceremonies were performed over the bodies of naked prostitutes
and animals were bled-out in Satan’s honor.<br /><br />The Freetown State Forest would
continue to be a gathering point for area Satanists and other
dark-minded individuals, with evidence of ritual activities
discovered long after the 'Fall River Cult Murder' trials. In November
1988, a hunter stumbled across a camouflaged bunker located off of
one of the more remote hiking trails. Police were called out to
investigate. Upon entering the structure they found an unsettling
cache of items – dolls with their eyes gouged out, animal bones, a
rusted butcher knife, a small wooden chair and tattered children’s
clothing</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>41</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> That same year, a dozen calves were found mutilated in
the forest and the corpse of Elizabeth Gregory, buried in a remote
forest cemetery in 1868, was dug up and taken from her grave. Cult
activity was suspected in all three cases</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>42</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">BLOOD TRAIL</span>S</span></span></b></span></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></span>As expected, the court trials of
Andy Maltias, Carl Drew, Robin Murphy and Carl Davis were a media
circus. Headlines screamed of Satanic rites, sexual torture and cult
murder. The public, in turn, remained
unconvinced that these individuals had acted alone. Many believed
that these four individuals were only the tip of the iceberg and a dangerous cult was still active in the area, providing fodder for sinister
urban legends in the years that followed. Any time a rape,
kidnapping or murder went unsolved in Bristol County it was work of this shadowy
network – who, when not littering the local nature reserve with
candles and mutilated animals, controlled the local drug and
prostitution trade, a child pornography ring, human trafficking, and
any number of other nefarious enterprises.<br /><br />Andy Maltias was the first to
stand trial. In January 1981, he was convicted in the first-degree
murder of Barbara Raposa and given a life sentence without the
possibility of parole. Much of the case against him was based on the
witness testimony of Robin Murphy. He was later considered to be a suspect
in a few other unsolved area rapes dating back to the early 1970s, but no
additional charges were ever brought against him</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>43</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> He eventually
died of cancer in 1998.<br /><br />With local media saturated by the
sensational and horrific details of the ‘Fall River Cult Murders,’
it proved impossible to hold a fair trial for Murphy, Drew and Davis
anywhere in Bristol County. The case would be moved to Worcester
County Superior Court in Fitchburg, Massachusetts</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">44</a><br /></span></sup><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_1Qjz0amJciEVlmdKDU0RuUzjreVksM5zam89M_SQKB496dFsvxH489Yp2k0gFDkOtdPvsaGo_m6LDJROOSddzOVzYOKu19Gf-LP-kav1o3eRB2WRl-jTHII27UWuwHDHe6DOs0CWa1do/s1600/AR-170326655+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="640" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_1Qjz0amJciEVlmdKDU0RuUzjreVksM5zam89M_SQKB496dFsvxH489Yp2k0gFDkOtdPvsaGo_m6LDJROOSddzOVzYOKu19Gf-LP-kav1o3eRB2WRl-jTHII27UWuwHDHe6DOs0CWa1do/s320/AR-170326655+%25281%2529.jpg" width="266" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Robin Murphy's lawyer convinced the court that his young client had been under the powerful influence of the satanic cult at the time of the Marsden murder, allowing her to plea to the lesser charge of second-degree murder in exchange for her testimony against her co-defendants<span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span><sup style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">45</a></span></sup> Additionally, the immunity deal she struck up with the District Attorney's office held and she received no additional charges in connection with the Levesque or Raposa killings. Murphy received a life sentence with the possibility of parole. After spending twenty-four years behind bars she was released on June 10, 2004. However, she violated her parole conditions and was returned to prison seven years later. She is currently serving her time in a maximum security prison in Framingham, Massachusetts</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">.</span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">46</a></span></sup><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The case against Carl Davis fell
apart completely. He never stood trial for his alleged role in the
abduction and ritual slaughter of Karen Marsden. However, the
following year he was arrested for assaulting Sonny Sparda with a
deadly weapon. According to a statement <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">made</span> by Carl Drew on his
personal blog, Davis beat the three-month pregnant Sparda and stabbed
her in the head with a knife because she had information implicating
both him and Robin Murphy (and absolving Drew) in Marsden’s murder</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>47</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">He served seven years and is now free.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />Carl Drew would go down as the guiding hand of the 'Fall River Cult Murders.'
Through numerous character witnesses, it was pretty well established
that he was a man who was feared by basically everyone around him. He
also had a felony record with past convictions for assault, weapons
possession and armed robbery.
Robin Murphy’s testimony painted him as a violent, sadistic killer
who acted as the ringleader in these ghastly murders and the jur<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">y </span>was inclined to agree. Further damning testimony came from
his ex-girlfriend, a woman named Leah Johnson, who claimed that Drew admitted to her that he had
“killed a girl” along with Davis, Murphy and another woman
(presumably Carol Fletcher) while under the influence of drugs.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>48</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> He also allegedly gave Johnson a
diamond ring that belonged to Marsden</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">4</a>9</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />Despite his unwavering claims of
innocence, Drew was convicted in the first-degree murder of
Karen Marsden and is serving a life sentence at the MCI in Shirley,
Massachusetts, with no possibility of parole. He has filed numerous
appeals over the years seeking a new trial. His most recent, and
final, was denied in 2006</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>50</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Drew’s supporters are currently
petitioning for the Massachusetts governor to review his case</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>51</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />The case involving Doreen
Levesque’s murder never went to trial. The District Attorney
claimed it would be a costly exercise in futility that would, best
case scenario, simply result in a second life sentence for Carl Drew.
All charges against Drew and Willie Smith, the man who supposedly
assisted him the night of her killing, were quietly dropped. There
are no plans to reopen the case</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>52</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />Far from closing this dark chapter
in Fall River’s history, the convictions proved to be a legal
nightmare that continues to haunt the city right to this day.
Allegations of witness tampering, falsified information, insufficient
counsel, legal rights violations and police misconduct all loomed
heavy as the now-closed cases against Maltias and Drew came apart following a shocking admission by Robin Murphy: she recanted her entire testimony in an unsuccessful bid for a new trial in 1984</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>53</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />“I believe Carl Drew was guilty
of killing Karen and many, many other women in the area,” Murphy
later told a parole board. “I believed he belonged in jail,
but also knew justice was not taking place. So I made the story up.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>54</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> She also claimed<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> that </span>she was not actually <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">present for the Raposa murder</span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>55</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> and </span></span></span>admitted to fabricating the testimony that led to Andy
Maltias’ conviction as retribution for sexually abusing her</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>56</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />A number of other witnesses also recanted their trial statements, claiming that they were made under police pressure or else the influence of drugs</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>57</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Carol
Fletcher, a key witness who was allegedly present for Karen Marsden’s
murder, maintains that she was threatened by police into making her
false statements in order to convict Carl Drew. She now claims that
the murder did not even take place in the woods of Westport. According to her revised version of events, Robin Murphy killed Marsden at the
Harbor Terrace housing projects in Fall River and the body was
dismembered and dumped at various locations. “They were fighting
and Robin started pulling Karen’s hair out of her head,” Fletcher
now claims. “I saw Robin put the knife toward Karen and I ran off.
I was scared.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>58</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />Paul Carey, a detective from the
Fall River Major Crimes Division who worked on the case, has his own
theory: “I still believe that Murphy was the real ringleader, not
Drew; that Levesque was murdered because Murphy was also in love with
her and became jealous when Levesque started seeing Drew. I believe
Murphy and Marsden were present when Levesque was killed. I think
Murphy killed Raposa because Raposa was in love with Maltais. Murphy
admitted that she and Raposa had previously been lovers. And, I
believe Murphy killed Marsden because of the two previous murders.
Marsden was at the scene of those murders, and I believe Murphy knew
she was the weak link and might get them convicted.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">5</a>9</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup><br /></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />C<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ONCLUSION</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span><br /><br />There are some who say ‘The Fall
River Cult’ never really existed. It was simply a product of the
‘Satanic Panic’ era, made up entirely by the police and tabloid media to
sensationalize the grisly slayings of three young prostitutes who may or may not have dabbled in the occult and
connect them in a way that would capture the public’s
imagination (and perhaps advance a few personal careers). Given the
social climate of the time, these claims are not exactly out of the
realm of possibility.<br /><br />In fact, Carl Drew himself denies being
involved in any such group. “I was [thrown] into the middle of a
mass nightmare that involved macabre accusations of devil worship and
human sacrifice,” Drew claims in an autobiographical retelling of
his case. “Totally off the wall accusations that was right out of
some thriller novel. None true as far as I was involved and nothing
like what was being said.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>60</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />However, there are also those who claim
that Murphy, Drew and Maltias were only a small piece of the puzzle
and that a much larger Satanic criminal organization remains deeply
rooted in both Bristol County and neighboring Providence County,
Rhode Island. Some people have even pointed to the locally
famous Mary Lou Arruda murder and unsolved New Bedford Highway Killer
cases as also potentially being tied to this diabolical network.<br /><br />In the fall of 1978, the body of Mary
Lou Arruda, a fifteen year-old girl abducted from Raynham,
Massachusetts, was discovered in the Freetown State Forest. Her hands
were bound behind her back and she had been tied to an oak tree by
the throat, dying of postural asphyxiation. A man named James Kater
was eventually convicted of the crime. But not everyone is convinced
of his guilt. Although it wasn’t reported at the time, a large cross
was discovered near the body. The crime scene also happened to be in
an area of the forest where ritual evidence would later be discovered
during the 'Fall River Cult Murder' investigations</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>61</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />Ten years later, a serial killer
(or killers) murdered at least nine prostitutes by strangulation and
left their bodies by the sides of various Bristol
County highways</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>62</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> According to Alan Alves, a Freetown detective who worked
on the case, a cross was nailed to a tree near the body of the first
victim that was discovered. He further claims that small crosses or make-shift
altars were found in the general area of some of the other victims as
well</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>63</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> The case remains unsolved.<br /><br />Of course this is all speculation,
fueled by residual ‘Satanic Panic’ conspiracy theories and local fears. No one
can deny that a lot of strange and violent activity took place in a
relatively small geographic area over the period of a decade, but
officially there is nothing to connect these crimes.<br /><br />'The Fall River Cult,' if it existed at all, seems to
have been a relatively small and informal grouping that consisted of perhaps up to
a dozen people. It may have been used by some people to connect with other street
kids, runaways and outcasts and others as a means to consolidate
their small criminal fiefdoms. All seemed to have an interest in “practicing
evil” through devil-worship. The details of the three killings
that were attributed to the group are murky at best, if not entirely
unconvincing. Were these “cult murders” in the sense that they
were collectively organized and carried out by the group as part of a broader Satanic
agenda? Or were they committed by individuals from within this social
circle who acted with their own personal motives?<br /><br />Either way, it would not be wrong to
conclude that the particular version of Satanism the group allegedly
practiced, coupled with the criminal culture brought in by the
participants themselves, provided fertile ground – or else, the
perfect cover – for these brutal killings to take place.</span></span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">published by</span><b> <a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/sex-satanism-sacrificial-slaughter-fall-river-cult-murders-1979-80/"><span style="font-size: large;">CVLT NATION</span></a></b></span><a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/sex-satanism-sacrificial-slaughter-fall-river-cult-murders-1979-80/"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></b></a><span style="font-size: small;">(<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">September 6</span>, 201<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">6)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/no-gods-no-masters-blasphemy-desecration-and-anticlerical-violence-during-the-spanish-civil-war/"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></a></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span>
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<hr width="80%" />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">
<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034"><br /><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;">Jeffrey Victor, </span><span style="color: white;"><b style="font-style: italic;">Satanic Panic: The Creation of a Contemporary Legend </b>(Chicago: Open Court, 1993).</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="2" style="color: red;"><b>2 </b></a></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Henry Scammell,<i style="font-weight: bold;"> Mortal Remains: A True Story of Ritual Murder</i> (New York: HarperPaperbacks, 1992), 29.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red;"><b>3 </b></a></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>COMMONWEALTH vs. ANDRE O. MALTIAS</b>, 387 Mass. 79; May 4, 1982 - August 4, 1982; Bristol County, 82. </span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red;"><b>4 </b></a></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Scammell, 44.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"></a></i></b></b></i></b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>5 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></span></span></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Scammell, 53-54.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b>
</b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>6 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Scammell, 159.</span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red;"><b>7 </b></a></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Scammell, 54.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="color: red; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red;">8 </a> </b><span style="color: white;">Moe Lauzier,</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><b>"It Can't Happen Here</b>," </span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Talk Radio, You're on the Air</i>; October 29, 2006.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b>
</b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>9 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Scammell, 148.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="7" style="color: red;"><b>10 </b></a></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Scammell, 54-55.</span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><b style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="8" style="color: red;">11</a></b></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Scammell, 62-63.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><b style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" style="color: red;"><br />12</a> </b></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Scammell, 148.</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="10" style="color: red;"><b>13 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Scammell, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">63.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red;"><b>14 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Scammell, 239.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>15 </i></b></a></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">COMMONWEALTH vs. ANDRE O. MALTIAS, 387 Mass. 79; May 4, 1982 - August 4, 1982; Bristol County, 86.</span></span></span></span></span><i><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span></i></span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>16</i></b></a></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i> </i></b></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Scammell, 95.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red;"><b>17 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">COMMONWEALTH vs. ANDRE O. MALTIAS, 81.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red;"><b>18 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Marc Folco, "Looking Back: Murder, in Satan's Name," <i>South Coast Today</i>; October 6, 2013.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><b style="color: red;">19<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="15" style="color: red;"> </a></b></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Scammell, 205-09.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="15" style="color: red;"><b>20 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Scammell, 211.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="16" style="color: red;"><b><br />21 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">"Another Satanic Crime: Robin Murphy and the Fall River Satanic Cult";</span></span><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></b></i></span></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Before It's News</span></span></i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">; July 10, 2014.</span></span></span><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b><br />22 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Scammell, 100-01.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="18" style="color: red;"><b>23 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Paul Carey, "Undercover in a Murderous Cult: A Case One Detective Will Never Forget," <i>APB News</i>; March 23, 1999.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="19" style="color: red;"><b>24<span style="color: white;"> </span></b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Scammell, 180-81.</span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="21" style="color: red;"><b><br />25</b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span style="color: white;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="20"><b> </b></a></i></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Scammell, 186.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="21" style="color: red;"><b>26 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS v. CARL H. DREW, SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT OF MASSACHUSETTS, 489 N.E. 2d 1233; Murder Conviction Affirmed; March 12, 1986.</span></span><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="22" style="color: red;"><b>27 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">"Satanist Cult Implicated in Prostitute Deaths"; <i>The Michigan Daily</i></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">; March 11, 1981.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="23" style="color: red;"><b>28 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Marc Folco, "Looking Back: Murder, In Satan's Name," <i>South Coast Today</i>; October 6, 2013.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><i><i><b style="color: red;">29<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="24" style="color: red;"> </a></b></i></i></b></i></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Gregg Miliote, "Cult Murders Haunt Retired City Detective," <i>The Herald News</i>; May 1, 2003.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><i><br /></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="1"><b><span style="color: red;">30 </span></b></a></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Gregg Miliote, "Former Detective Grilled at Cult Trial," <i>The Taunton Gazette</i>; October 20, 2004.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red;"><b>31 </b></a></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Scammell, 122.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red;"><b>32 </b></a></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Scammell, 120.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"></a></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red;"><b>33 </b></a></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Scammell, 120.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"></a></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="5" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"><b>34 </b></a></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Marc Folco, "Looking Back: Murder, In Satan's Name," <i>South Coast Today</i>; October 6, 2013.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>35 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Scammell, 107.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="7" style="color: red;"><b>36 </b></a></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">Anton LaVey, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-style: italic;">The Satanic Bible </b>(New York: Avon Books, 1969),</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"> 10.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="8" style="color: red;"><b>37 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Scammell, 148.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="10" style="color: red;"><b>38 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Gail Feldman, "Satanic Ritual Abuse: A Chapter in the History of Human Cruelty," <i>The Journal of Psychohistory</i>; Volume 22, Number 3 (Spring 1995): </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">343.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><b style="color: red;">39<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red;"> </a></b></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i>Dark Woods: Cults, Crime, and the Paranormal in the Freetown State Forest</i></b></span></span></span></i></b></span></span></span></b></i><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">, Christopher Balzano</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red;"><b>40 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Balzano, 157.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>41 </i></b></a></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">Balzano, 148.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>42 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">"Looking Back: Murder, In Satan's Name," Marc Folco; <i>South Coast Today</i>; October 6, 2013</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red;"><b>43 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Christopher Balzano, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><b><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i>Dark Woods: Cults, Crime, and the Paranormal in the Freetown State Forest</i></b></span></span></span></i></b></span></span></span></b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (Atglen: Schiffer Publishing, 2008),</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"> 160.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red;"><b>44 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Scammell, 257.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>45 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">Gloria Negri, "A Life Setence in Marsden Case," <i>The Boston Globe</i>; January 15, 1981</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="15" style="color: red;"><b>46 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">"Parole Board Decision in the Matter of Robin Murphy #F25652," The Commonwealth of Massachusetts Executive Office of Public Safety - October 18, 2012, 4.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="16" style="color: red;"><b>47 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Carl Drew, "Again! The Bristol County Legal System Acts Blind When Carl Drew is Put Before Them," <i>Carl Drew's Fight</i> blog </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>48 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">COMMONWEALTH vs. CARL H. DREW; 397 Mass. 65; November 4, 1985 - March 12, 1986, 68. </span></span><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="18" style="color: red;"><b><br />49 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Scammell, 219.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><i><b> </b></i></span></span></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="19" style="color: red;"></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="19" style="color: red;"></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="19" style="color: red;"></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red;"><b>50 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Gregg Miliote, "Court Denies Carl Drew Appeal," <i>The Herald News</i>; November 10, 2006.</span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>51 </i></b></a></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">http://www.change.org/p/charles-baker-justice-for-carl-drew</span> </span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>52 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Scammell, 257.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red;"></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red;"></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red;"><b>53 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Kevin O'Connor, "Robin Murphy, Involved in Satanic Cult Murders, Back in Prison on Parole Violation," <i>The Herald News</i>; September 2, 2011.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="5" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="16" style="color: red;"></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red;"><b>54 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gregg Miliote, "Cult Killer Robin Murphy Says She Made Up Story," <i>The Herald News</i>; March 24, 2004.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>55 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">"Parole
Board Decision in the Matter of Robin Murphy #F25652," The Commonwealth
of Massachusetts Executive Office of Public Safety - October 18, 2012, 3.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>56 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kevin O'Connor, "Parole Board Grills Convicted Fall River Murderer Robin Murphy," <i>Wicked Local Westport</i>; March 13, 2012.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="15" style="color: red;"><b>57 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">Gregg Miliote, "Court Denies Carl Drew Appeal," <i>The Herald News</i>; November 10, 2006.</span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><br /></a></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="15" style="color: red;"><b>58 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">Gregg Miliote, "Cult Killer Story Takes a Turn," <i>The Herald News</i>; October 22, 2004.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><b style="color: red;">59 </b></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Paul Carey, "Undercover in a Murderous Cult," <i>APB News</i>; March 23, 1999.</span></span><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="18" style="color: red;"><b><br />60 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Carl Drew, "An Act of Injustice: The Carl Drew Story as Told by Carl Drew," Web. http://theinjusticesystem.net/carldrew.html. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red;"><b>61 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Balzano, 166-67.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>62 </i></b></a></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Carlton Smith, <b><i>Killing Season: The Unsolved Case of New England's Deadliest Killer </i></b></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">(New York: New American Library, 1994). </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;">63 </a></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Balzano, 170-71.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></div>
Mark Laskeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09221596829655982430noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4460192715541619034.post-9997263083499807312016-06-03T13:41:00.003-07:002018-01-11T23:03:07.099-08:00Ritual Murder in Rural England<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Strange Case of Charles Walton <br /><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_RH22yYdi5YOSLmxTGr2FU97WbEfpMabqHiKRPAVNDeeKrNoT2WoSl_179Ct0CaQSuopoL0DhfLhTCwzzlbVA40qDGOJdk58bgMxU1LKJW3CsvNFAJO04x2ntk_sbBZ6WwXdEpCNi3RsR/s1600/Charles-Waltons-body-as-it-was-discovered.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_RH22yYdi5YOSLmxTGr2FU97WbEfpMabqHiKRPAVNDeeKrNoT2WoSl_179Ct0CaQSuopoL0DhfLhTCwzzlbVA40qDGOJdk58bgMxU1LKJW3CsvNFAJO04x2ntk_sbBZ6WwXdEpCNi3RsR/s320/Charles-Waltons-body-as-it-was-discovered.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A brutal murder is reported in a quiet
West Midlands village. Local authorities are unable to come up with a
suspect or motive so Scotland Yard sends their best detective to help
crack the case. It could be the plot line to any number of classic English murder
myster<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ies</span>. However, the investigation into this particular homicide
would soon take an unexpectedly strange turn. Hushed rumors of
witchcraft, spectral black dogs and ritual sacrifice would surround
the case as it became entangled in the dark folklore and history of
the region. Was this the work of a lone madm<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">a</span>n<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">...</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> o</span>r something
far more sinister?</span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">On the evening of February 14, 1945, in
the small Warwickshire hamlet of Lower Quinton, the mutilated body of
Charles Walton was discovered in a field he had worked just below
Meon Hill. A lifelong resident of the area, the 74-year old Walton
was known to be a quiet man and something of a<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> recluse.</span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">He </span>shared a small cottage with his niece<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">b<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ut</span></span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">otherwise spent most of his free time alone</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span>. Despite suffering from rheumatism he was
physically active and earned his living as a farm laborer<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. B</span>y</span> all
accounts<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> he was </span>described as honest, hard working and <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">mild<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-</span>manner<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ed</span></span>.
Why would anyone want the old man dead?<br /><br />Even more puzzling was the savage, and
downright bizarre, nature of the crime.<br /><br />Walton's throat had
been cut three times with his slash hook, a sickle-like tool that he
used for hedging. The wounds were so deep that it nearly severed his
head. He had also been brutally beaten, leaving his skull split, three
ribs broken and heavy bruising on his body. And as a gruesome final act,
his pitchfork had been skewered through the lower part of his face</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>1</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> This was done with such force that it left his corpse
firmly pinned to the ground in what appeared to be a deliberate
position, with the head forced back<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, </span>almost as if to drain the body
of blood. Some accounts further claim that a crude cross-shaped
symbol had also been carved into his chest</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>2</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />With no
immediate leads it soon became apparent to the local authorities that
outside assistance would be needed. Chief Inspector Robert Fabian,
the foremost police detective of his day, and his partner Albert Webb
were soon dispatched by Scotland Yard and tasked with bringing
Walton's killer </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">– </span></span></span>or killers<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">–</span></span></span></span> to justice.</span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />THE OCCULT CONNECTION</span></b></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />Lower Quinton is a small rural village
with a population of a few hundred. In reality it is no more than a
village green surrounded by some old thatched-roofed cottages, a
church, a local pub and some outlying farms. Surely someone would
know something about the murder. <br /></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6AKpcZVfB_4VHwONGKSzNv51dCMVsqg2At3SveGFotzKSQeTTtGYjJTIs0dail10movlgcfREQ0bnx7OqsesglnaxYm4aZRzn6KPN3eIBgTSHoqiLlUHVMafO7gzTKvra1V4xaP3tFJiL/s1600/Gloucester_Citizen_15_February_1945_thumb.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6AKpcZVfB_4VHwONGKSzNv51dCMVsqg2At3SveGFotzKSQeTTtGYjJTIs0dail10movlgcfREQ0bnx7OqsesglnaxYm4aZRzn6KPN3eIBgTSHoqiLlUHVMafO7gzTKvra1V4xaP3tFJiL/s320/Gloucester_Citizen_15_February_1945_thumb.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">To the surprise of the Chief
Inspector, not a single person came forward with any<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> real </span>information. He and his partner had personally interviewed nearly
five-hundred residents from the Lower Quinton area during their
investigation, only to be left with more questions than answers.
"There were lowered eyes, reluctance to speak except for talk of
bad crops – a heifer that died in a ditch," Fabian noted. "But
what had that to do with Charles Walton? Nobody would say."</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>3</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>
</b>Even more <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">baffling</span>, no one seemed to fear for their safety. An elderly
member of this small community had been violently butchered in broad
daylight and there <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">was little</span> concern<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> of </span>a madman on the
loose. <br /><br />Whether frightened, suspicious of outsiders or bound
by some oath of secrecy, Fabian was convinced that the residents of Lower Quinton were
hiding something</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>4</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Left
fr</span>ustrated by his interviews and with few clues that could
help bring light to the case, he began to look into both the personal life of
Charles Walton and the history of this peculiar region. <br /><br />To
better acquaint him with “the ways” known to the people of rural
Warwickshire, <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Fa<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">bian</span></span> was given a book entitled <i>Folk Lore, Old Customs
and Superstition's in Shakespeare Land,</i><span style="font-style: normal;">
authored</span> by a local clergyman named J. Harvey Bloom in 1929</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>5</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> The book chronicles
various folk stories and superstitions unique to the region, many of
which seem to tap into a broader sense of darkness that permeates the
area. </span>For centuries the county was known to be a hotbed of
witchcraft and paranormal activity, and, to some degree, continued to
be steeped in these beliefs at the time of the Walton murder.<br /><br />Given the unusual, almost ritualistic,
nature of the killing, Fabian began to consider the possibility that
witchcraft had some role to play. He also open<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ly</span> wondered if there might be
a broader conspiracy at work in the village. The theory seemed
far-fetched at first, but there were certain details that would
continue to point the case in this direction. Including the background of Charles Walton himself. From what little information
locals offered up, a curious assessment of his character
started to emerge. Most described him as an eccentric and solitary
old man. However, there were some who spoke of him in a fearful way
and claimed that he possessed “certain powers.” <br /></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAgM5kNxVe9YVaiEZTucF2kO31mZV3prwYRTCeWlU51ih71nzY2LxHR_eg6wvaM4xqxeg-AuBKpqf7zLk2wnS8JNMCat6GgxMpO68UbvZp4Vl3bFrK5ujfLCfB4KYGKRoMkfJTUt1C73pC/s1600/Fabian_and_Walton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAgM5kNxVe9YVaiEZTucF2kO31mZV3prwYRTCeWlU51ih71nzY2LxHR_eg6wvaM4xqxeg-AuBKpqf7zLk2wnS8JNMCat6GgxMpO68UbvZp4Vl3bFrK5ujfLCfB4KYGKRoMkfJTUt1C73pC/s320/Fabian_and_Walton.jpg" width="191" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It was said that the old man was
gifted with a unique ability to communicate with animals. As a young
man, Walton was alleged to have been an accomplished “horse
whisperer”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> – </span></span></span>someone able to control horses through hand or eye
motions. He could also speak with birds. According to one witness
account, “Walton had been seen on many occasions imitating the
songs of the nightingale and chirping to other species of bird. He
openly professed to be conversant in the Aeolian language of his
feathered friends, for they seemed to obey his requests to refrain
from eating the seeds sown in the fields of his little plot.”</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>6</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> <br /> </b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />There was also talk of
Walton being a clairvoyant and seer of spirits. Interestingly, a
childhood example of this “second sight” is documented in Bloom's
book of local folklore. He wrote of “a plough lad named Charles
Walton [who] met a black dog on his way home nine times in successive
evenings. On the ninth encounter a headless lady rustled past him in
a silk dress, and on the next day he heard of his sister's death.”</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>7</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><b> </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">This</span>
paranormal encounter “stained Walton's soul” according to his
superstitious-minded neighbors, imbuing the already strangely gifted
child with even darker powers such as “the evil eye” </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> – </span></span></span>the ability
to place a curse through hypnotic gaze. <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Some<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> villagers</span></span>
even came to believe<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> that he was</span> a witch. <br /><br />If true, this
might explain the toads. <br /><br />During a search of the Walton residence
following the murder it was discovered that the back garden was
overrun with large Natterjack toads. <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">R</span>umor<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> had it</span> that the old man<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> was</span> breeding the creatures for nefarious purposes. The
Natterjack, or walking toad, figures prominently in the annals of
British witchcraft. <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In fact, d</span>uring the sixteenth century they were even
collected and burned as “familiars of witches” and “emissaries
of the Evil One.”</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>8</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> </b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> </b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJCpd2AEBE-09sW8hO85khJPS3tq4lnkgS_8y-lIEmCO6Qj1zAn4b78vQQgRSxxEryFwF3B14Ptwqefjq6DsF16WvZiKP1ByHjok5igcl7qRNAS0jzZoYXbpW6ad1Xoh6BGuwFeCCpJF5X/s1600/witch%2527s+familiar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJCpd2AEBE-09sW8hO85khJPS3tq4lnkgS_8y-lIEmCO6Qj1zAn4b78vQQgRSxxEryFwF3B14Ptwqefjq6DsF16WvZiKP1ByHjok5igcl7qRNAS0jzZoYXbpW6ad1Xoh6BGuwFeCCpJF5X/s320/witch%2527s+familiar.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Among
a witch's spell casting arsenal was the practice of “blasting” –
the power “to interfere with or destroy the fertility of man, beast
and crop” – which, in some cases, saw the use of Natterjack
toads. When the infamous Scottish witch Isobel Gowdie went on trial
in 1662 she confessed to, among other crimes, fastening small plows
to her toads and setting them loose in the local fields, leaving the
soil sterile and unable to produce crops</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>9</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />Despite decent weather, the
region's crop season had been exceptionally bad the year
prior to the Walton murder. People even complained that the beer
brewed from that wheat harvest was bitter and undrinkable. Lower
Quinton was hit especially hard<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> and a few villagers</span> alluded to the possibility that
Charles Walton may have blighted the crops through witchcraft. One of
Walton's former employers, a farmer from nearby Long Compton, may
have <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">actually</span> witnessed the blasting ritual firsthand. “Old Charlie,”
he claimed, “used to catch a toad and tie a toy plough to its legs
and have it run along towing the thing across a field.”</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>10</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />Behind the wall of silence
encountered by the Chief Inspector, were there area residents who
believed that Charles Walton had hexed the land and sickened
livestock with his bewitched toads and powers of the evil eye? Could
he have been the victim of some brutal form of folk justice carried
over from the area's past witch-hunting traditions? According to the
official case files there was no direct occult connection. However,
off the record, Fabian believed this to be a real possibility.</span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />A LAND OF DARK ENCHANTMENT</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br />The Cotswolds region, and the county of
Warwickshire in particular, has been steeped in a strong belief of
the supernatural since its earliest days of settlement. The brooding
rural landscape has always provided fertile ground for tales
involving witches, phantom coaches, headless horsemen, a ghostly
woman in white, <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">mysterious black dog</span></span>s, faeries and various demonic entities.
It's also a region where the outdated folk beliefs and traditions
long since discarded elsewhere in Britain have persisted.<br /><br />In his memoirs, Robert Fabian
incorporates local legend into his description of the Walton crime
scene. “On the hilltops around Lower Quinton,” he wrote, “are
circles of stones where witches are reputed to hold Sabbaths, and it
was under the shadow of Meon Hill, not far from the stone circle of
whispering knights, that on Valentine's Day of 1945 a rheumatic old
man was found murdered.”</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br /><br />Meon Hill, a circular
mound at the edge of the Cotswold ridge, is located in an area dotted
with Neolithic and Bronze Age burial mounds and the remnants of
various Iron Age and Roman encampments. From the time of these
ancient inhabitants, and throughout the ages since, the entire area
has been associated with dark supernatural forces – an evil place,
where even the birds won't sing. Some say it<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">'</span>s a gateway to
Hell</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>12</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br /><br />The Celts believed the hill was the
resting place of Arawn, lord of the underworld</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>13</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Accompanied by a pack of spectral hounds, </span>Arawn would embark
on nightly hunts to gather the souls of the departed. Night travel
could be a dangerous venture in Old Britain, as a hapless encounter
with Arawn's nocturnal hunting party was considered a death-omen</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>14</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><b> </b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />In later times
the Devil would take up residence at Meon Hill, using it as his
earthly base to launch attacks against the newly established
Christian population. Enraged by the construction of nearby Evesham
Abbey in the eighth-century, local legend describes how the Devil
kicked a massive boulder down the hill in an attempt to destroy it.
However, as the story goes, the village faithful managed to divert
its course through the power of prayer. The boulder missed the Abbey
and came to rest on Cleeve Hill, near Cheltenham, where the villagers
carved it into a giant stone cross to ward off further attacks</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>15</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br /><br />Another devilish folktale took place in
a nearby field called The Close, which stands on top of an ancient
earthwork site of unknown origin. Drawing a circle on the ground and
reciting the Lord's Prayer backwards, a young man from Long Compton
signed a pact with the Devil. In return for his soul, the man was
given twelve imps as his own personal servants. He would later cause
a scandal at Banbury Fair when he summoned a demonic spirit that
appeared in the shape of a black rooster</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" style="color: red;">16</a><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><br /></a></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXXtMixRVXJFqATT5cNGriegGgiGCaQRsW0qLuzZEvEvqev7U1GQJdFF0mtVYAV0Vy2enl7hn3v4vsF7U1eOWxjcqElDQLwPqyhfZMi21e9mQB21G-CdyutiT19a8JWHnRTXxVUrxqGvU6/s1600/RlVSEB8IBgRYQ0NDFRsHSVFHTwNJVEZEVQ%253D%253D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXXtMixRVXJFqATT5cNGriegGgiGCaQRsW0qLuzZEvEvqev7U1GQJdFF0mtVYAV0Vy2enl7hn3v4vsF7U1eOWxjcqElDQLwPqyhfZMi21e9mQB21G-CdyutiT19a8JWHnRTXxVUrxqGvU6/s320/RlVSEB8IBgRYQ0NDFRsHSVFHTwNJVEZEVQ%253D%253D.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">The “stone circle of whispering knights” mentioned
in Fabian's memoirs refers to a section of the ancient megalith site
known as The Rollright Stones, located a few miles from Meon Hill,
which dates back as early as 2,500 BCE. Three separate elements make
up the site – The King's Men, a circle of seventy-seven large
stones that was built for ceremonial purposes; The King<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">'s</span> Stone, a
single monolith that stands to north of The King's Men; and The
Whispering Knights, which lie to the east, are five upright stones
that lay inwards towards each other (as if they were whispering
behind the king's back)</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>17</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><b> </b> </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">According to legend, The
Rollright Stones are the cursed remains of a Viking king and his
army. While marching through the Cotwolds, the king, intent on
conquering all of England, had run afoul of a local witch named
Mother Shipton. The angered witch – who, in some versions of the
story, is portrayed as a representation of Sovereignty, the goddess
protector of the land – transformed the invading army into stones
and herself into a nearby elder tree that eternally guards over them</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>18</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><b> </b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">T</span>he
curse is briefly lifted on certain nights of the year when, at the
stroke of midnight, the stones come to life. </span>Some of the
king's men leave their place on the hill to drink at a nearby spring,
while others join hands and dance. In some versions, the faerie folk
who dwell in caves underneath the stone circle come out to join in
the late night festivities</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>19</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><b> </b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7PPNbArHrP28d0DYdRYcuFP4Z9QjX6WlkH6lZ_A27ipNiiyxR8Su-SfWyAiSiBCjJ9Qct-fi5tQedJ_83yTleBsavGDpUCIrDsBtCBCE7vFpnzGLpKNh2dGVOc9sr72v7qeKq3C5oLabI/s1600/witches-dance1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7PPNbArHrP28d0DYdRYcuFP4Z9QjX6WlkH6lZ_A27ipNiiyxR8Su-SfWyAiSiBCjJ9Qct-fi5tQedJ_83yTleBsavGDpUCIrDsBtCBCE7vFpnzGLpKNh2dGVOc9sr72v7qeKq3C5oLabI/s320/witches-dance1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">T</span>he
Rollright Stones are believed to be charged with supernatural energy
and a special significance is placed on the <span style="font-weight: normal;">King's
Stone. Regarded as a potent phallic symbol, imbued with the power of
fertility, tradition has it that if a local woman is unable to
conceive after marriage she visits the site on a full-moon night and
rubs her naked breasts against the King's Stone – always resulting
in a healthy baby nine months later</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>20</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><b> </b><br /><br />The
ancient stone circle has also traditionally provided a place of
gathering for witches. In the sixteenth-century, a witch-hunting
commission was assembled in Oxford to investigate reports of coven
activities at the site. A century later “a witche” from Little
Rollright was charged with attempted murder through black magic
means. At her trial she <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">was accused of</span> having
attended sabbats at the Rollright Stones and Boar Hill (outside of
Oxford) and sentenced to hang</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>21</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
It is even claimed that Charles Walton, as a child, would “steal
out to the mysterious Rollright Stones nearby and watch witch
rituals.”</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>22</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><b> </b> </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Recently, in August 2015, the
1,400 year-old skeletal remains of a Saxon woman were unearthed near
the stone circle. She was found buried with a large amber bead, an
amethyst set in silver, copper pins, a spinning wheel, a decorated
antler and a patera – a ladle-like ritual instrument used to make
burnt offerings to the gods. Based on these items experts believe her to be
a woman of high spiritual status, or else a witch.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>23</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />BLACK DOG CURSE</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />Arawn's
night hunts may have faded with Britain's pagan past and it would
seem that the Devil has kept a much lower profile in recent years,
but an unspoken dark presence still surrounds Meon Hill. Likewise,
ritual activity continues at the nearby Rollright Stones. Gatherings
of cloaked figures, mutilated animal remains and evidence of nightly
bonfires </span>have all been reported at the site. However, as far
as lingering local legends go, it's the black dogs that residents
fear most<span style="font-weight: normal;">. <br /><br />English folklore
is full of tales involving phantom black dogs. Nearly every county
has it's own variant. Whether sighted along a lonely stretch of
highway, the outlying hills surrounding a village or lurking the
local cemetery grounds, there are various theories as to what these
spectral canines represent. Some say they are witches' familiars or
demonic entities. Possibly a manifestation of the Devil himself.
Others identify them as the ghosts of murdered or executed
individuals who haunt the area of their demise. Regardless of
paranormal back story, popular superstition casts them as cursed
entities. The black harbingers of death and misfortune</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" style="color: red;">24</a><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><br /></a></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp1iEKZzdafHEMXL620XJ_rd3FBlTlhusSFobW2M7MFxGE232BbQVhI_cbQ1dEezy-j5LjyHIvMNf8VrebS-Qd_C6dW14Hbl46m8j7oJ4vj3WqQ-IgLCvLbB9gEW9i-3X1o-9USXtoFbJu/s1600/A_Staunge_and_terrible_Wunder.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp1iEKZzdafHEMXL620XJ_rd3FBlTlhusSFobW2M7MFxGE232BbQVhI_cbQ1dEezy-j5LjyHIvMNf8VrebS-Qd_C6dW14Hbl46m8j7oJ4vj3WqQ-IgLCvLbB9gEW9i-3X1o-9USXtoFbJu/s320/A_Staunge_and_terrible_Wunder.jpg" width="169" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Black
dogs would feature prominently in the Walton murder case. As already
mentioned, a young Charles Walton was haunted by a black dog in the
days leading up to his sister's death. A lifetime later, during the
investigation into his murder, another mysterious black dog encounter
would take place. <br /><br />While he was in Lower Quinton, Robert
Fabian's investigation would bring him through St. Swithin's Cemetery
and into the fields surrounding Meon Hill. On a nearby stone wall he
noticed a peculiar black dog following his movements. A moment later
it was gone. When he left the field </span>a boy was walking nearby.
Fabian asked him if he was looking for his dog. The boy seemed
confused, so he specified (“The black dog...”). On hearing this
the boy turned pale and fled in a panic. Word soon spread throughout
the village that the Chief Inspector had seen “The Ghost.”</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>25</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>
</b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />A series of strange
incidents would happen in the days following this phantom black dog
encounter. <br /><br />The next morning began with the discovery that
another cow had dropped dead in one of the grazing fields around Meon
Hill. Never a good way to start a day. Later that day, as Fabian
attempted to conduct more interviews, he noted that the entire
atmosphere of Lower Quinton had changed. In his memoirs he writes,
“when we walked into the village pub that evening silence fell like
a physical blow. Cottage doors shut in our faces, and even the most
innocent witnesses seemed unable to meet our eyes. Some became ill
after we spoke to them.”</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>26</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><b> </b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />A
few days later, a black dog was found dead and hanging from a tree
near the spot where Charles Walton's body had been discovered weeks
earlier. This was likely a sick prank played on Fabian by some locals
following the news of his sighting. However, it may have been a
warning. It was at this point in the investigation, Fabian would
later write, “[that we] realized for certain that we were up
against witchcraft.”</span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>27</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />A SOIL THAT THIR<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">STS FOR BLOOD</span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br /><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A popular</span> theory <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">i</span>s that Charles Walton's murder was some form of ritual
sacrifice – “the ghastly climax of a pagan rite,” according to the Chief
Inspector</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>28</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> Margaret Murray, a
professor from University College in London who had written
extensively on the history of European witchcraft, took a great
interest in the Walton case. She claimed that the murder was likely a
ritual act, performed for the purpose of replenishing the soil with
the old man's blood. “The belief is,” according to Murray, “that
if life is taken out of the ground […] it must be replaced by a
blood sacrifice.”</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>29</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br /><br />Not much is known about “the old
ways” as they were practiced during Iron Age Britain. What little
information there is has been pieced together from the accounts of
Roman historians and various archaeological discoveries – both of
which point to the importance of ritual sacrifice within the ancient
Celtic magico-religious system. <br /><br />Sacrifice was the means by
which the balance of nature was maintained, with offerings made to
the governing divine forces in exchange for their blessings. Most
consisted of animals, food, wine, incense, weapons or jewelry.
However, the ritual murder of humans was not unusual. It was a
extra-ordinary form of sacrifice made during particularly critical
times: to avert a famine or epidemic, provide victory before battle,
promote fertility or guarantee a successful harvest</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>30</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><b>
</b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Victims would be
selected from across a wide spectrum of candidates that included
criminals, kings, menopausal women, adolescents, rival clan chiefs<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">,</span> social outcasts <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">and </span> witches</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>31</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><b> </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Witches
in particular are thought to have been a sacrificial favorite. As it
was widely believed that they possessed the power to disrupt or
manipulate the natural order, a witch provided the ideal scapegoat
offering to appease the gods and restore essential balance. </span><b><br /></b> </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Celtic
Druids are most infamously known for burning people in large wicker
effigies. But they also strangled, drowned, poisoned, stoned,
beheaded, dismembered and buried them alive. <span style="font-weight: normal;">The
sacrificial act could vary, with</span> different means of
dispatchment used for different ceremonial purposes. And sometimes the gods
called for a bloodbath. One particularly gruesome Druidic ritual
shares certain similarities with the Walton murder. Known as
“the threefold death,” multiple killing methods (such as
strangulation, head injuries and throat cutting) would be used in an
act of ritual overkill to either appease multiple gods or ensure
maximum bloodshed</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>32</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><b> </b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />As
an agriculturally-based society, blood was particularly important to
the Celts when it came to maintaining a healthy crop cycle. During
the winter months, when the land had frosted over and the sun hung
low in the sky, it was believed that the world had reached the end of
its life-cycle. In order to “reawaken the earth” and usher in a
new season of rebirth and revitalization, the soil needed to be
symbolically replenished with life-giving blood</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>33</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br /><br />If the Walton murder was
indeed some crude form of human sacrifice, the date when it took
place may hold some significance. He was killed on February 14th.
Going by the old (pre-Gregorian) calendar, which was twelve days
behind, this date would correspond with the Celtic Midwinter festival
of Imbolc. As a celebration of new life, Imbolc rituals centered
around ensuring a successful growing season and the health and
fertility of local livestock</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>34</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
If rumors are to be believed, Walton was to blame for t</span>he
failure of the previous year's harvest and the unexplained death of a
cow. To break the hex he was believed to have placed over the
community and restore a sense of natural order it may be no
coincidence that his blood was spilled on this day.<br /><br />The use of a pitchfork may further
reinforce the 'ritual murder theory' and is also not without
precedent in the region. Following the Anglo-Saxon settlement of the
area in the fifth-century, new traditions of witch-hunting would take
root. Differing from later medieval Christian beliefs, the
Anglo-Saxon concept of witchcraft centered on specific acts of
(perceived) sorcery rather than some broader diabolical conspiracy.
The practice itself was not considered a crime<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">;</span> however if it were
used for criminal purposes punishment could be harsh. One crude
investigative method used agains<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">t suspected witches </span>was called <i>stacung </i><span style="font-style: normal;">(“</span>sticking”
or “staking”), where the bodies of the accused would be pierced
with iron spikes, pins or large thorns. If the wounds festered and
turned black it was considered proof that they were practitioners of
black magic</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>35</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><b> </b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />Similar
to the original </span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">stacung</span></i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
practice is a more recent (beginning in the 1500's) Cotswold
hill-country belief that a witch's powers could be drained through
“blooding” – that is, to draw blood by a non-lethal stab wound
(“be it but a pin's prick”). William Shakespeare, the area's most
famous native son, even made reference to the practice in his play </span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">King Henry VI, Part
I </span></i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(“Blood
will I draw on thee, thou art a witch.”)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>36</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <br /><br />A number of
blood-letting assaults against suspected witches would take place in
the Warwickshire village of Tysoe in the later nineteenth-century. In
one such attack, an elderly woman was seized by area residents who
used a corking pin to puncture her hand in an attempt “to nullify
the effects of the evil eye she had cast upon them.”</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>37</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />KILL THE WITCH</span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />As with most murder mysteries, the
facts surrounding Charles Walton case would become murky and
sensationalized over time</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> – </span></span></span>admittedly, even some of the “evidence”
presented in this article is based on unsubstantiated rumor or
secondary sources. One controversial detail is the claim made that
he was found with a cross symbol carved into his chest. <br /><br />If
true, this would be strong support for the claim that it was a
witch-killing. For centuries, Christian folk superstition has held to
the belief that 'the sign of the cross' could be used as divine
protection against malevolent forces or spell-casting (particularly
in defending against “the evil eye”). During Warwickshire's
witch-hunting past, a more overtly religious form of “blooding”
involved carving a cross directly onto the body of a witch in order
to nullify their diabolical powers (or else ensure that a dead witch
could not return from the grave)</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>38</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <br /><br />The
problem is that none of the official police reports, autopsy
documents or contemporary newspaper accounts mention a cross being
carved on Walton's body</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>39</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">So
how did this detail enter into the popular mythos surrounding the
case? It may have started as local rumor. But more likely it is based
on a previous area murder that shares eerily similar characteristics
to, and has since become intertwined with, the killing of Charles
Walton. </span><br /><br />Seventy-five years prior, in the neighboring
village of Long Compton, an elderly woman named Anne Tennant (some
accounts name her as Ann Turner) was attacked and killed with a
pitchfork by a mentally unstable farmhand named James Haywood.
According to court records, Haywood believed Tennant was a one of
sixteen witches who lived in the village, that she possessed the
power of the Evil Eye, and that she had "bewitched the cattle
and land of local farmers.” More directly personal, he also blamed
her spell-casting for a death in his family and severe cramping that
prevented him from working in the fields</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>40</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />Haywood defended his actions to the
court, explaining how he felt it to be his duty to protect the
community from Tennant's black magic. <span style="font-weight: normal;">“</span>It's
she who brings the floods and drought,” he argued. “Her spells
withered the crops in the field. Her curse drove my father to an
early grave!” The excited man detailed how he “<span lang="en-US">pinned
her to the ground with a pitchfork before slashing her chest with a
billhook in the form of a cross.”</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>41</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">To
prove the righteousness of his cause he</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> ins<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">is</span>ted</span> that the judge dig up the old woman's corpse and “weigh it against a Church
bible” in order to confirm that she was indeed “a proper witch.”</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>42</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> The judge declined this request and instead charged
Haywood with manslaughter. He was later found to be criminally insane
and lived out his remaining days at the Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic
Asylum.<br /><br />Although James Haywood was ruled to
be a man who suffered from delusions, his belief in witches was in
fact shared by many people in the community. Reporting on the trial
at the time, one<span style="font-style: normal;"> London </span>newspaper
would note, “there is [still] a general belief in witchcraft at
Long Compton and in other villages of South Warwickshire, among a
certain class of the agricultural population.”</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>43</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />Years later, just prior to the Walton
murder, these regional folk beliefs would once again enter the media
spotlight when another seemingly occult-related killing was
discovered in nearby Worcestershire. <br /><br />On April 18, 1943, four
boys were walking through the forest near Wychbury Hill when, to
their horror, they discovered a skeleton staring at them from inside
a tree hollow. They reported their grisly finding to their parents
who immediately alerted the authorities. Police determined that the
remains were of a female and the cause of death was concluded to be
“likely suffocation.” Judging by the decomposition it was
estimated that the murder had taken place eighteen months prior, and
it was obvious that someone went through a lot of trouble to place
the corpse in the tree.<b> </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">A</span><b>
</b><span style="font-weight: normal;">severed hand from the body was
also discovered buried in the ground nearby</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" style="color: red;">44</a><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><br /></a></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKGFYdhfBJvlUhZhRUhWCQEsNm1T2bKKWRu9kIMxIS8-CQJfrBbsOPGxXR2IRI-TfUrCrNmw3dUIIFzg5xIKOXxVQgXQa_4lov36hG2OxC83ZHq824y0XRQcoK8nSnsXHvRC2yoj2esNVG/s1600/1453549_orig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKGFYdhfBJvlUhZhRUhWCQEsNm1T2bKKWRu9kIMxIS8-CQJfrBbsOPGxXR2IRI-TfUrCrNmw3dUIIFzg5xIKOXxVQgXQa_4lov36hG2OxC83ZHq824y0XRQcoK8nSnsXHvRC2yoj2esNVG/s320/1453549_orig.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dental records failed to reveal the
identity of the woman, and there were no local missing persons who
fit her description. Police were at a loss. With a considerable
passage of time since the murder had taken place and the limited
resources available during wartime Britain, the 'Tree Riddle Murder'
case soon went cold. It was at this time that cryptic graffiti began
appearing around the West Midlands (“Who Put Bella in the Witch
Elm?”). Detectives involved with the case believed that the chalked
messages, carefully written in three-inch-deep capital letters, were
all written by the same hand. Whether this was the killer taunting
police or someone who knew the victim is anyone's guess</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>45</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />There are many theories regarding the
true identity of “Bella” and the details surrounding the case.
But given the region's history it came as no surprise when the rumors
of black magic began to circulate. Margaret Murray, who would later
be consulted during the Walton investigation, speculated that perhaps
“Bella” had run afoul of a local witches' coven and was ritually
murdered. “The cult of tree worship is an ancient one and is linked
with sacrifices,” Murray would explain to news reporters eager to
make sense of the crime. She also believed that the buried hand may
have had some ritual significance</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>46</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> </b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />Ultimately
it will never be known who put Bella in the Witch Elm, or why. The
case was officially closed in 2009. Curiously, when the files were donated to the
Worcestershire county archives it was discovered that the woman's
remains had gone missing. After an initial examination by James
Webster, a forensic expert from the University of Birmingham, they
simply disappeared from record in 1943. This has led some people to
believe there may have been an official cover-up</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>47</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Regardless</span>,
without the help of modern DNA testing both the woman's identity and
any possible motive to explain the strange murder <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">remains a mystery</span></span>.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">CONCLUSION</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">So, was Charles Walton “England's
last witch-killing,” as many have claimed? We will never know for
sure. Like 'Witch Elm Bella', Walton's killer (or killers) and the
motive behind the grisly murder would never come to light. Initially
there was some suspicion placed on his employer, a farmer named Alfred
Potter, who owned the land where the murder had taken place. But he
was soon cleared. Further rounds of questioning also provided no new
information </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">– </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="en-US">before slamming his door on the
detectives, one elderly villager shouted: </span>“He's been<span lang="en-US">
dead and buried a month now, what are you worrying about?”</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>48</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />The Walton case would be Robert
Fabian's single unsolved murder throughout his long career with
Scotland Yard. “Maybe somebody in that tranquil village off the
main road knows who killed Charles Walton,” lamented Fabian. “Maybe
one day somebody will talk? Not to me, a stranger from London,
perhaps – but I happen to know that in the offices of Warwickshire
Constabulary the case is not yet closed."</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>49</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">No
one ever has. It's a mystery that still lingers on after seventy
years, and to this day the case continues to be the oldest unsolved
case on record with the Warwickshire police. </span><br /><br />In one
final mystery, Charles Walton's corpse would also eventually go
missing. It's<span style="font-weight: normal;"> known that he had
been buried in St. Swithin's Cemetery, in the churchyard directly
across the road from his cottage and a short walk from the field
where his mangled body was found. But there is no longer a gravestone
that bares his name and no one can seem to remember exactly where the
plot was located. It is assumed that the villagers of Lower Quinton
had become tired of being associated with the infamous “occult
murder” and removed the marker to discourage bothersome legend
trippers from disrupting the peace of the cemetery grounds. They
could also have been lost during some churchyard renovations that
happened fifty years after his death. Or else his remains may have
been removed altogether and transferred to some unknown location</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>50</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />With no surviving family,
Charles Walton's memory will simply live on as another dark chapter
in the annals of Warwickshire legend and folklore; and whoever
spilled his blood on that fateful February day will remain forever
lost to the shadows of history.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<hr width="80%" />
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="1"><b><br /><span style="color: red;">1</span></b></a><span style="color: white;"> Simon Read, </span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i>The Case That Foiled Fabian: Murder and Witchcraft in Rural England </i></b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(Gloucestershire: The HIstory Press, 2014), 17.</span><b style="background-color: black; color: white;"> </b></span></div>
<div style="border-bottom: 1.10pt double #000000; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: none; margin-bottom: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.03in; padding-left: 0in; padding-right: 0in; padding-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="1"><b><span style="color: red;">2</span></b></a><span style="color: white;"> Anthony Masters, </span></span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i>The Devil's Dominion: The Complete Story of Hell and Satanism in the Modern World</i></b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">; (Edison: Castle Books, 1978), 159.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="2" style="color: red;">3 </a></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Gerald Gardner, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>The Meaning of Witchcraft</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Newburyport: Red Wheel Publishing, 2004),</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> 235.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red;"><b>4 </b></a></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Read, 83.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red;"><b>5 </b></a></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Neil Mitchell, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">The Pitchfork Murder: Is This England's Creepiest Unsolved Crime,"</span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"> </span><i style="color: white;">Real Crime Daily</i><span style="color: white;">, August 5, 2015.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red;">6</a> </b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">Read, 159.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>7 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></span></span></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gardner. 234.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><b style="color: black;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>8 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b>Gary Varner, </span></span></span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Creatures in the Mist: Little People, Wild Men and Spirit Beings Around the World </b></i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">(New York: Algora Publishing, 2007), 138.</span></span></span></span><br />
<b style="background-color: black;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;">9 </a></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">Read, 160.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: black; color: black;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="8" style="color: red;"><b>10 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: black;">Read, 160.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: black;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="8" style="color: red;"><b>11 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Read, 50.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="10" style="color: red;"><b>12</b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"> Rupert Matthews,</span><span style="background-color: black;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="10" style="color: red;"><b> </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b>Haunted Places of Warwickshire</b></i></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"> (Newbury: Countryside Books, 2005), 87-88.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red;"><b>13 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Neil Mitchell, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">The Pitchfork Murder: Is This England's Creepiest Unsolved Crime?,"</span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"> </span><i style="color: white;">Real Crime Daily</i><span style="color: white;">, August 5, 2015.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>14 </i></b></a></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">D. J. Conway, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Magickal, Mystical Creatures: Invite Their Powers Into Your Life</b></i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"> (Woodbury: Llewellyn Publications, 2001), 147.</span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span><b style="background-color: black;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red;"><b>15 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Read, 11.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red;"><b>16 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">Michael Howard, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">The Witches of Long Compton," <i>The Cauldron Online</i>,</span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"> 3.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red;"><b>17 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">Read, 50.</span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>18 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Read, 51.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="15" style="color: red;"><b>19 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Debra Kelly, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">10 Legends of Ancient Megaliths and Stones From The British Isles</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">,"</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"> </span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;">Listverse</i><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">, March 30, 2016.</span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="16" style="color: red;"><b>20 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Howard, 1.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>21 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;">Howard, 2.</span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="18" style="color: red;"><b>22 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Read, 51.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="19" style="color: red;"><b>23</b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Mark Miller, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">Skeleton of a High Status Spiritual Woman Unearthed Near Rollright Stones in England,"</span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"> </span><i style="color: white;">Ancient Origins Blog</i><span style="color: white;">, August 9, 2015.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="21" style="color: red;"><b>24</b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span style="color: white;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="20"><b> </b></a></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Bob Trubshaw, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i style="font-weight: bold;">Explore Phantom Black Dogs </i>(Marlborough: Heart of Albion Publishing, 2005). </span></span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"> </span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><i><i><b style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="21" style="color: red;">25 </a></b></i></i></b></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Read, 127.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="22" style="color: red;"><b>26 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Read, 128.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="23" style="color: red;"><b>27 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">Read, 127.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="24" style="color: red;"><b>28 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;">Read, 133.</span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="1"><b><span style="color: red;">29 </span></b></a></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Read, 160.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="2" style="color: red;"><b>30 </b></a></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Miranda Aldhouse Green, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">Human Sacrifice in Iron Age Britain</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">," </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i style="background-color: black; color: white;">British Archaeology</i><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">, Issue 38, October 1998.</span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red;"><b>31 </b></a></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Ibid.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red;"><b>32 </b></a></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">John Haywood, </span></span></span><b><i style="background-color: black; color: white;">The Celts: Bronze Age to New Age</i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> </span></b><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">(London: Routledge, 2004), 43.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"><b>33 </b></a></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Bob Curran, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Mysterious Celtic Mythology in American Folklore</b></i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> (Gretna: Pelican Publishing, 2010), 200.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"><b>34 </b></a></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Patricia Monaghan, </span></span></span></span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i>The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore</i></b></span></b></i></span></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">(New York: Checkmark Books, 2008), 256.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>35 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">John Thrupp, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>The Anglo-Saxon Home: A History of the Domestic Institutions and Customs of England</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">, (London: British Library, Historical Print Editions, 2011), </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">271.</span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="7" style="color: red;"><b>36 </b></a></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">Gardner, 234.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="8" style="color: red;"><b>37 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">George Morley, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Shakespeare's Greenwood: The Customs of the Country</b></i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"> (Charleston: Nabu Press, 2010), 69.</span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="10" style="color: red;"><b>38 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black;">Matthews, 87.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red;"><b>39 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;">Read, 25-26.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>40 </i></b></a></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">Howard, 4.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>41 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;">Masters, 160.</span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red;"><b>42 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;">Howard, 4.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red;"><b>43 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;">"A Curious Murder Trial," </span><i style="background-color: black;">The Times</i><span style="background-color: black;">, January 8, 1876.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>44 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">Read, 135-36.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="15" style="color: red;"><b>45 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">Strange Remains, "Who Put Bella Down The Wych Elm?,"<i><b> </b>Strange Remains Blog,<b> </b></i></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">April 24, 2015.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="16" style="color: red;"><b>46 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;">Read, 141.</span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>47 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">Strange Remains, "Who Put Bella Down The Wych Elm?,"<i><b> </b>Strange Remains Blog,<b> </b></i></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">April 24, 2015.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><b style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" style="color: red;">48 </a></b></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Read, 128.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b> </b></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>49 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">Devin McKinney, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">Black Dogs on Meon Hill</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">,"</span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"> </span><i style="color: white;">The Face At The Window</i><span style="color: white;">, February 14, 2006.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="15" style="color: red;"><b>50 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">Michael Watkins, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>The English: The Countryside and It's People</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">, (London: Elm Tree Books, 1981),</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> 241.</span></span></div>
Mark Laskeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09221596829655982430noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4460192715541619034.post-32149859481739466512015-04-17T14:05:00.002-07:002018-09-08T21:15:04.937-07:00Wretched of the Earth<b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Peasant Armies,</span> </span>Apocalyptic Prophecies
and the Christian Atrocities of the First Crusade</span></span></span></span></b><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br /><span style="background-color: black;">“</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In the cities of these peoples that the
Lord your God is giving you as an inheritance, you shall not leave
alive anything that breathes.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><i>”</i> –</span> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">Deuteronomy, 20:16</span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_5dPUPZEhrhD6zkCOl-d3WME7VRfvn5lhypjUY7tHw3WA8ufZ6MB5OFxAcK22TkWFL256o4txbO-GDX6fzKRiEgTUL7AU_qx-QdWdLjAa41XAJbymq4EJm_aMxQgGFhZsvwxW804oy7gZ/s1600/1403739dd41d4289b56d607430ae043a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_5dPUPZEhrhD6zkCOl-d3WME7VRfvn5lhypjUY7tHw3WA8ufZ6MB5OFxAcK22TkWFL256o4txbO-GDX6fzKRiEgTUL7AU_qx-QdWdLjAa41XAJbymq4EJm_aMxQgGFhZsvwxW804oy7gZ/s1600/1403739dd41d4289b56d607430ae043a.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">If the history of holy wars has taught
us anything, it is that the most direct path to God is through rivers
of blood. Despite the official line of pacifistic cheek-turning,
violent conquest has been a fairly consistent feature of Latin
Christendom since the time of Constantine. It’s a religious legacy
shaped far more by the sword than the cross, and more accurately
represented by barbarian warlords then the benevolent apostles of
Christ. But the First Crusade, as blood-soaked in violence as it was,
represented something different; something almost otherworldly in the
carnage it unleashed.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">For many devout Christians, the
dividing line between heaven and earth had become blurred by the
eleventh century. They truly believed they were living in the end of
days. The signs were everywhere. It had been a thousand years since
Christ’s crucifixion. According to apocalyptic prophecy, Antichrist
now walked the earth and was gathering his forces to enslave
humanity. On the upside, Christ himself was due for his Second
Coming. If all went accordingly, he would descend from the heavens
and reward the righteous souls who served his cause. But first
there was the small matter of defeating Antichrist and his minions.</span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">As it turns out, around the time
Antichrist was believed to have entered the world stage, there was a
power shift in the Holy Land. Most of the region had recently come
under the control of the Seljuk Turks, a barbaric race of nomadic
desert people who had conquered most of Arab Asia by this time. The
Seljuks were infidels of the worst kind, “a people quite
degenerate, despicable, and enslaved by demons.” They defiled
Christian holy sites, attacked pilgrims, worshiped idols and prayed
to an evil deity called “Mathomos,” who, as far as anyone could
tell, was some ancient Canaanite god from the Old Testament. Or
something along those lines.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>1</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>These were clearly the servants of
Antichrist.<br /><br />When the Christians of Western Europe
were called upon to “take the cross” and embark on an armed
pilgrimage to Jerusalem, it was as if religious leaders had tapped
into some primal force from which a violent storm of messianic fervor
was set forth upon the world. The Crusaders were not only fighting
over control of the Holy Land. They were waging an apocalyptic holy
war – a merciless bloodbath of raping, pillaging, torture, murder,
defilement, and cannibalism that would bring about the eternal glory
of heaven on earth.<b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><br />ONWARD CHRISTIAN SOLDIERS</span></span></b><br /><br />The history of the the Crusades
involves a complicated web of social, political and religious forces
that culminated in the clash of Christian and Islamic civilizations.
It would be impossible to provide a fully detailed and balanced
account here. However, for the purposes of context, a basic
historical overview is necessary.<br /><br />Latin Christendom wasn’t exactly in a
good place leading up to the First Crusade. In fact, the authority of
the Holy Roman Church had been consistently slipping since the days
of Charlemagne. After centuries of theological disputes, the churches
of the Greek East and Latin West made a definitive split with “The
Great Schism” of 1054. This fracturing was further complicated by
the political rivalries of Western Europe, which led to the election
of a series of “anti-popes” who split the allegiances of bishops
and secular kings within the Roman Catholic sphere of influence.<br /><br />At the same time, a new power was also
rising in the East. The Seljuk Turks were originally nomadic horsemen
from the steppes of Central Asia who converted to Islam in the
seventh and eighth centuries. Using similar tactics to those
practiced by the Huns against the Romans centuries earlier, they
would go on to control an empire that spanned from Afghanistan to the
Mediterranean (uniting most of the Sunni Muslim factions under their
rule). In 1071, they would seize control of Asia Minor after
defeating the Byzantines at Malazgerd.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>2</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br />In the years that followed a weakened
Byzantine Emperor Alexios Komnenos dispatched a number of delegations
to Rome seeking Western support against further advancements by the
Turks. Attacks against Latin Christian pilgrims en route to Jerusalem
were also taking place with increasing regularity. The Seljuks now
controlled the religiously important cities of Nicaea, Antioch and
Jerusalem, as well as all of the major pilgrim routes in the region,
and safe passage could no longer be guaranteed. Worse still was
threat against the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (built over the
remains of Golgotha, the hill just outside of Jerusalem where the
Romans crucified Jesus and supposedly the location of his tomb) which
was now in Seljuk hands.<br /><br />Pope Urban II, ever the shrewd
politician, saw opportunity in this situation. By answering the call
to holy war, he hoped to heal “The Great Split” and bring unity
to Christendom once again (under the supreme rule of the Roman
papacy, of course). Additionally, by exploiting the Seljuk menace,
Urban could bring an end to the internecine conflicts between rival
kings and lords. The greed and lust for power that was tearing apart
the social order of Western Europe at this time might be used for
constructive purposes – namely Eastern conquest. A call to arms by
a pope with limited authority was a dangerous gamble. But the
potential benefits made it worth the risks.<br /></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH3YDOd9TilBSwEqHMmXjOXS0EJqXCR90I51kKg0OyZuztHnAulfQraBum3ozNsV1KDd6shGsygwX9gjtfKysBaMHWIGWj7h9ndhbIbYZpwm0Rmfru58J3f10WaztoW7urcNK4BByHTMEB/s1600/Pope-Urban-II-Crusade-Clermont.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH3YDOd9TilBSwEqHMmXjOXS0EJqXCR90I51kKg0OyZuztHnAulfQraBum3ozNsV1KDd6shGsygwX9gjtfKysBaMHWIGWj7h9ndhbIbYZpwm0Rmfru58J3f10WaztoW7urcNK4BByHTMEB/s1600/Pope-Urban-II-Crusade-Clermont.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In November 1095, at the Council of
Clermont, Pope Urban II called on Western Christian leaders to
reclaim the kingdom of God from “the accursed race” of Muslim
Turks and Arabs. “What a disgrace,” declared the pope, “if a
race so despised, so degenerate, so entirely the slave of demons,
should thus conquer omnipotent God’s elect people, rendered
illustrious by the name of Christ!”</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>3</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>The violent expulsion of
these infidel occupiers was declared a moral duty for the Christian
faithful. In return, the pope promised impressive material and
spiritual rewards (tax relief, debt cancellation, eternal salvation)
to those who answered the call. The prospect of plunder obviously had
its appeal as well.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b></b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">THE PEASANTS CRUSADE</span></span></span></b></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br />The First Crusade is generally traced
back to the Council of Clermont. In reality, two calls to Crusade
were spreading around Western Europe at this time. In the south,
noble families pledged their oaths to Urban II and recruited men
directly from their households and social spheres to join the cause.
It was a fairly orderly campaign that remained under direct papal
control. However, in the north it was a much more chaotic affair. The
call to holy war had been taken up by various wandering preachers who
gave fiery public sermons and took recruits from all walks of life.<br /><br />The industrial centers of Northern
France, Flanders and the Rhine valley was where
the earliest recruitment took place. The region had become something
of a hotbed for radical millenarian sects by the Middle Ages. As
towns became overpopulated and conditions deteriorated, these areas
saw a breakdown of social order and a rise in apocalyptic beliefs
among the lower social strata of Christian faithful. Some gathered in
messianic groups and prepared for Christ’s Second Coming, knowing
that their poverty and suffering meant they would receive the
greatest heavenly rewards under his reign.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>4</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br /><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It was from these bands of divinely-favored destitutes that the most fanatical Crusaders would emerge. Believing themselves to be Soldiers of Christ, their mission was to retake Jerusalem in order to accelerate</span> the end of days and ensure that Christianity
would “flourish [in the Holy Land] again in these last times, so
that when Antichrist begins his reign – as he shortly must – he
will find enough Christians to fight.”</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" style="color: red;">5 </a><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><br /></a></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRkGwdjPVIFc1AJiUfSkKXBKRHi5I754s_9MplQ5NVsTCljK-0yXUKesC6p8ErU_4PKjLodiagmXEs3N03ksTEngjf01Je15ZuY1hxOfX4vintMLa4ve4emUs7DompoRaqTlWbrQzQeQ6f/s1600/peter+the+hermit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRkGwdjPVIFc1AJiUfSkKXBKRHi5I754s_9MplQ5NVsTCljK-0yXUKesC6p8ErU_4PKjLodiagmXEs3N03ksTEngjf01Je15ZuY1hxOfX4vintMLa4ve4emUs7DompoRaqTlWbrQzQeQ6f/s1600/peter+the+hermit.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The most
celebrated of the Crusade preachers was Peter The Hermit. Originally
from Amiens, in northern France, Peter lived a sternly ascetic life as both a monk and hermit. On pilgrimage, he claimed to have
visited the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, where Christ appeared in a
vision and tasked him with “cleansing the holy places of Jerusalem”
of pagans and unbelievers.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>6</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>On his return to Western Europe he
began preaching this message, traveling from town to town on a donkey
with an entourage of beggars and reformed prostitutes who followed
him. He was a strange character, but also an effective organizer.
People flocked around the barefoot prophet to hear his message of
righteous poverty, spiritual redemption and apocalyptic holy war.
Some claimed miracles in his presence.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>7</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <br /><br />Peter’s fiery sermons were reinforced
by a wave of ominous signs that took place across Europe. Each was
interpreted as both a call to holy war in the East and the coming of
the end of days. Famine, disease, comets, lunar eclipses, strange
cloud formations and birth deformities all took on prophetic meaning.
Rumors even began circulating that the Holy Roman Emperor
Charlemagne, after three hundred years, had risen from the dead in
order to lead the Christian armies to victory in Jerusalem.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" style="color: red;">8</a><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><br /></a></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMmix4Af037eCo7mwarQUQpbmgrtyazdnkoKq4VO8vb7XEP1UJl9mVWYmvYNNt5LjQsoXIKDIJ-uyDyYFXQx1vpDZ1vJDf845r2DZnsUexdQlorErlE8HP5m0ZMy-pTBeeOowE57wTB7Xh/s1600/medieval-starfall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMmix4Af037eCo7mwarQUQpbmgrtyazdnkoKq4VO8vb7XEP1UJl9mVWYmvYNNt5LjQsoXIKDIJ-uyDyYFXQx1vpDZ1vJDf845r2DZnsUexdQlorErlE8HP5m0ZMy-pTBeeOowE57wTB7Xh/s1600/medieval-starfall.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
As Pope Urban II wrote letters and met
with his aristocratic allies, Crusade fever was spreading like
wildfire among the poor. Groups of fanatics even started branding
their bodies with the sign of the cross – mutilations claimed as a
miracle of Christ, marking the divinely favored for the battle that
awaited them against the forces of Antichrist. <br /><br />In March 1096, four months before the
First Crusade officially got underway, Peter The Hermit crossed into
German territory with a vagabond army that grew by the day. The
Peasants Crusade had started and would soon become a convergence
point for <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">various </span>armed bands led by renegade monks,
petty warlords and fanatical crackpots who joined the call of God to
liberate the Holy Land.<br /><br />The most notorious of these groups was
organized under Emicho of Flonheim, a minor lord of the Rhineland who
had a reputation for lawlessness and brigandage. Inspired by Peter’s
preaching, Emicho claimed his own encounter with the divine. Christ
had appeared to him in a dream, and when he awoke, his body was
miraculously branded with the sign of the cross.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>9</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>He believed that
he had been chosen to fulfill apocalyptic prophecy and devised an
elaborate plan for its realization. The first step would be to depose
the Byzantine emperor and claim for himself the title of “Last
World Emperor.” This would be followed by the unification of Latin
and Byzantine Christian armies who, under Emicho’s imperial rule,
would reclaim Jerusalem and exterminate all it’s Muslim occupants.
Christ’s second coming would inevitably follow.<br /><br />It’s no surprise that the fanatics
who followed Emicho were a <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">truly bizarre collection of people</span>. One group is said to have
worshiped a goose, which they believed to be enchanted by the Holy
Spirit; others venerated a female goat.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>10</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>They were also brutal
anti-semites. <br /></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEEW8gyp7XSpmeNQr4EdHsnlzn_omo3cSTOUCCWYeSDrezfSWCRnkrPDLk-KwcqqzUu87-WZrYQsVyq3ph6xvgQ8W2dI2kAgWOmYzUJ12Lv7kMa1QKak1-fzPxCJ0Rhz5SSuIHtYAhRK4L/s1600/pogrom.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEEW8gyp7XSpmeNQr4EdHsnlzn_omo3cSTOUCCWYeSDrezfSWCRnkrPDLk-KwcqqzUu87-WZrYQsVyq3ph6xvgQ8W2dI2kAgWOmYzUJ12Lv7kMa1QKak1-fzPxCJ0Rhz5SSuIHtYAhRK4L/s1600/pogrom.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
With passions stoked for the coming holy war,
pogroms against local Jews became something of a popular rallying
event for the armed bands of Christian zealots on the move.
Throughout Christian Europe, Jews were increasingly considered an
alien enemy residing within their communities; a sentiment that
became violently radicalized by the Crusader cause. Declaring their
intention to wipe Judaism from the face of the earth, the army led by
Emicho was responsible for widespread massacres of Jews across the
Rhine Valley.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>11<span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>In addition to punishing “the enemies of Christ”
and confiscating their wealth to help finance the military campaign,
it was also claimed that the pogroms had eschatological purpose. Jews
were forced, under the threat of death, to convert to Christianity in
order to fulfill a necessary precondition for apocalypse.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>12</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>Hundreds would be executed or driven to suicide.<br /><br />The Peasants Crusade would continue on
its destructive path across Europe throughout the summer of 1096.
Even fellow Roman Catholics weren’t safe. Mobs of Crusaders led by
a Saxon monk named Folkmar pillaged the territories of the Hungarian
county of Nytria; those under Gottschalk, a priest from the
Rhineland, ravaged the Transdanubian region.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>13</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span> Tensions between the
Crusaders and Hungarians soon escalated into large scale hostilities
as the army under Peter The Hermit attacked the city of Zemun.
Thousands were killed in the siege, their severed limbs placed in the
Sava River as a warning to the city Belgrade (located at a floating
distance down river) to open their gates and supply the Crusaders
with provisions or else suffer the same fate.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>14</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br />The marauding bands under Emicho,
Folkmar and Gottschalk were all eventually put down by the
Hungarians.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>15</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>Many of the survivors would regroup under the army of
Peter The Hermit and continue to clash with Christian forces (this
time Byzantine), taking heavy losses at the hands of the Balkan
Slavs. Many more would die of starvation or disease. After a lukewarm
reception by Emperor Alexios at Constantinople the people’s army
passed into Asia Minor. Within days, they were ravaging the outskirts
of Nicaea.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>16</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br />Having sufficiently provoked the wrath
of the local ruling Seljuks with their raping and pillaging, this
first wave of Crusaders would meet the martyr’s fate they longed
for. Most were slaughtered outright. The Peasant’s Crusade had been
crushed. But not entirely. There were survivors who managed to flee
back to Constantinople and regroup under the official Crusader armies
(“the Prince’s Crusade”) as the holy war continued with renewed
fervor in early 1097.<br /><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />THE TAFURS</span></span></b><br /><br />Military
discipline is a difficult thing to maintain among untrained soldiers,
particularly those who passionately believe themselves to be the
harbingers of apocalypse. The First Crusade had its noble companies
led by kings, princes, barons and high-born knights who followed the
official directives of Pope Urban II. However, by and large the ranks
of Christ’s army were made up of a motley assortment of peasants,
serfs, beggars, outlaws, mercenaries, prostitutes and orphaned
children. These ragged pilgrim bands would float between the various
official Crusader companies and had a reputation for unpredictability
and lawlessness.<br /><br />For many Crusaders, the divine
righteousness of their cause forgave any possible excesses that took
place on or off the battlefield. Enacting the will of God wasn’t
always a neat and orderly undertaking. Besides, an enemy who was
known to be “the slaves of demons” deserved no mercy. One group
in particular would stand out for their unrestrained savagery – the
Tafurs.<br /><br />Based as much in legend as in fact, the
Tafurs were said to have been a band of warrior fanatics made up <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">of</span>
survivors from the armies of Peter The Hermit and Emicho of Flonheim
(many of whom wore the “miraculous” cross markings on their
bodies). The origin of the name “Tafur” is debated, but it may
have derived from the light wooden shield which many of them carried,
the <i>talevart</i> or <i>talevas</i>.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>17</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>Chroniclers describe them as a “beggar
army” with uniforms of tattered sackcloth adorned with a make-shift
Christian cross sewn to their backs. Too poor to afford proper swords
they instead armed themselves with crude weapons such as
lead-weighted clubs, sharpened sticks, hatchets, rocks and farming
tools.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>18</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br />Supposedly they were led by a man known
as King Tafur. Portrayed as something of Robin Hood figure, Tafur was
rumored to be a former Norman knight who had abandoned his position
and became an ascetic after experiencing a mystical awakening.
Dressed in sackcloth and armed with a field scythe, he preached both
the holy virtue of poverty and the violent cleansing that needed to
take place in the Holy Land. Unlike Peter The Hermit, who elevated
the poor in his sermons but accepted recruits from all social
classes, King Tafur required a strict vow of poverty from his men.
Anyone found in possession of money would be expelled from his band
and sent away to join the official Crusader companies.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>19</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br />With the remnants of the Western Roman
Empire in shambles, many idle Frankish knights and soldiers had taken
up the life of Byzantine mercenaries prior to the Crusades. They
would have been a familiar sight to the Seljuk Turks. But the Tafurs
were a different beast altogether. One Seljuk described them as
filthy, barefoot and covered in open sores; an almost animalistic
people who roamed the countryside with “an air of some wretched
tribe evicted from their lands by an invader.”</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>20</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>The Tafurs,
however, considered their poverty to be a blessed state that brought
them closer to God. They believed themselves to be a chosen Holy
People (“worth far more than the knights”); the true soldiers of
Christ, uncorrupted by wealth or power. They were the blessed meek
destined to inherit the earth.<br /><br />It was this fanatical sense of holy
righteousness that made the Tafurs so dangerous. Known for their
unbridled ferocity and unruly excesses, they reveled in the acts of
butchery they committed on the battlefield (and were blamed for a
number of atrocities in the towns and villages they passed along the
way). They had a reputation for charging into battle in a beast-like
manner, “gnash[ing] their teeth as though they meant to eat their
enemies alive as well as dead” – and, according to numerous
sources, this is exactly what they did.<br /><br />For the violent zealots under King
Tafur the Crusade wasn’t simply a military campaign to retake
Jerusalem. It was to be an all-out war of extermination to purge the
Holy Land of “the sons of whores” and “the race of Cain” once
and for all. One group of Seljuks, who had bravely faced off against
companies of Frankish barons, fled in fear of the Tafurs, claiming
“[these are] no Franks, but living Devils”.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>21</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />THE DAWNING OF HOLY WAR</span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br />It would not be long after the massacre
of Peter The Hermit’s peasant army that the official Crusader
companies crossed into Asia Minor, sometime in early 1097. Led by
Frankish, Norman, Fleming, Lombard and Bavarian lords, and operating
under Holy Roman authority, these forces included tens of thousands
of trained soldiers (including 5,000 heavy cavalry) and thousands
more lightly armed pilgrims – including the remnants of the
Peasants Crusade.<br /><br />The march on Jerusalem would first
bring the pope’s army to Nicaea, the birthplace of Christianity in
its institutional form (established at the First Council of Nicaea,
in 325). En route they encountered the grisly remains of the first
wave of Crusaders, their corpses purposely left to rot at the
roadside by the hundreds. These fallen Christian soldiers were
honored as martyrs and vows were made to avenge their deaths with the
blood of Saracen infidels. On May 10, 1097, they laid siege to
Nicaea. They defeated the forces of Kilij-Arslan, the warlord who
ruled the region, in open battle outside of the city walls and
decapitated the vanquished Seljuk warriors by the hundreds. The
severed heads were tied to the saddles of horses or mounted on spears
and paraded around the city in order to strike fear into the hearts
of the besieged Nicaean people.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>22</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>The city surrendered soon after.<br /><br />Victory at Nicaea was followed by a
series of skirmishes with Seljuk forces as the Crusaders moved across
Anatolia, each battle receiving signs from God affirming the
righteousness of their cause. Some were even blessed by direct
intervention. Outside of the city of Dorylaeum, nearly three thousand
Crusaders were slaughtered in a surprise attack on their encampment.
All seemed lost as the remaining bands prepared to accept martyrdom
when, it was claimed, “two horsemen, with shimmering weapons and of
wondrous appearance” entered the fray. These angelic warriors
(later claimed by faithful believers as Theodore and George, two
saints associated with slaying dragons) defended the encampment until
reinforcements could arrive and drive away the Seljuks. In the days
following the battle’s end, Seljuk corpses were discovered all
along the roads leading away from Dorylaeum – mysteriously cut down
in advance of any of the passing Crusader armies.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>23</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br />However, just as the Christian God was
believed to protect his earthly armies in their holy war against the
forces of Antichrist, he would also test their faith through the
extremities of suffering and savagery. The next major military
campaign would be just such a test.<br /><br />The Siege of Antioch would last a
grueling eight months – each marked by starvation, disease and
desperate acts – and end in the wholesale slaughter of the city’s
entire population. Under Byzantine rule until it passed into Seljuk
hands in 1084, Antioch was one of the greatest cities of the eastern
Mediterranean world at this time (with a population of 300,000,
including large Greek and Armenian Christian communities) and held
great strategic importance for the region. All major trade routes
passed through here, which meant whoever controlled Antioch
controlled the passage of armies and flow of supplies into the Holy
Land. But taking the city would be no easy task. It was well supplied
for a defensive siege and practically impenetrable, fortified by high
walls, deep moats and nearly four hundred defensive towers.<br /><br />Crusader armies arrived outside of
Antioch in October 1097, battle-hardened but lacking the supplies
needed for a lengthy siege. Some leaders argued in favor of
postponing the assault until the following spring, when the plunder
of the countryside would be more bountiful and aid from
Constantinople was expected. But faith would prevail over logic.
Raymond of Saint-Gilles, a Provençal prince who led one of the
largest Crusader factions, pushed for an immediate attack. With
Christ on their side, it was argued, a swift victory against the
infidels was basically assured regardless of material
preparations.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>24</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>Within three months, nearly one in seven Crusaders
would die from starvation and thousands more would be struck down by
disease.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>25</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br />The plight of the Crusaders worsened
during the rainy winter months, and it was the poorest who inevitably
suffered the most. As knights slaughtered their horses and pack
animals for food, impoverished crowds fought over the discarded
hides. Rats soon became a privileged feast and many were forced to
eat seeds of grain out of dung heaps.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>26</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>Some even turned to
cannibalism. Allowing hunger to overtake moral restraint, they fed on
the flesh of their deceased comrades (“far away and in the
mountains, lest others take offense at the smell of cooked
meat”).</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>27</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>For those who survived these months of suffering and
the horrors forced upon them another layer of humanity had been
stripped away – giving rise to an even more fearsome holy warrior.<br /><br />Amidst this rapidly degenerating
situation in the camps, people desperately prayed for God’s
forgiveness. It was clear to them that they were being punished for
their sins. It was at this time that things began to take a
supernatural turn. Notably, an earthquake struck the region and the
night sky “began to bleed.” Like something out of the pages of
Revelations, chroniclers described how the ground began to tremble
under foot and “the heavens turned so red in north that it seemed
like dawn was ushering the day.” Some believed this to be the
breaking of the apocalyptic Sixth Seal and expected the stars to fall
from the heavens. Others, more accurately, interpreted it as an
ominous sign of the terrible bloodshed to come.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" style="color: red;">28 </a><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><br /></a></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgClW1iPmUJEDZbT7uSO6TiLOiWc59tu1cCvP1lLPNGsaFN1vNaGzte2pBxYJPSiuEno5k0lnk-18rCjPF7RInMfj4U3VuMwHdiMHDHRqpAWmpC3yNy6YEBUDeGs1QDDBFG7dbLysb8btA9/s1600/catapulting+aleppan+heads.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="316" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgClW1iPmUJEDZbT7uSO6TiLOiWc59tu1cCvP1lLPNGsaFN1vNaGzte2pBxYJPSiuEno5k0lnk-18rCjPF7RInMfj4U3VuMwHdiMHDHRqpAWmpC3yNy6YEBUDeGs1QDDBFG7dbLysb8btA9/s1600/catapulting+aleppan+heads.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="en-US">Prior
to the Crusade’s arrival at Antioch, Yaghi-Siyan, the city’s
ruler, had dispatched messengers to plead for military aid from the
powerful emirs of the region. This call would be answered following
the strange seismic and lunar anomalies when a force estimated at
between 15,000-30,000 soldiers arrived from Aleppo to drive the
Crusader armies out. In no shape to defend themselves in open battle
the situation looked bleak. However, under the tactical leadership of
the Italian prince Bohemond I, a few hundred knights managed to
ambush the Aleppens before they could reach the main camps and sent
them into a panicked retreat. Those unable to escape were butchered
on the spot. Following the grisly precedent established at Nicaea,
the corpses were later collected from the battlefield and decapitated
by the hundreds (an act attributed to the Tafurs). The mutilated
heads were then catapulted over the city walls.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>29</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>Though lacking in
subtlety, no one could argue with the effectiveness of this gruesome
act in terms of psychological warfare. Hundreds would flee under the
cover of darkness following this incident, understandably terrified
at the fate that awaited them if they remained in the city.</span><br /><br />The walls of Antioch were finally
breached during the early hours of June 3, 1089. More accurately, a
gate was opened by one of the night guards. The man was said to be an
Armenian Muslim who was in some legal trouble at the time, facing
charges and hefty fines for black-market trading. For a large bribe
of gold and promises of land, he conspired to turn Antioch over to
the Christian invaders.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>30</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br />The wrath of God, having been
unleashed, would leave the city awash with blood. </span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Not even the local Orthodox Christian population
was spared. </span></span></span></span>The massacre was
swift and indiscriminate, fueled by months of suffering, starvation
and pent up rage. However, it was also accompanied by an air of
celebration. According to one chronicler, amongst the sounds of
slaughter could be heard “the off-key singing of drunken Frankish
plunderers”.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" style="color: red;">31</a><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><br /></a></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span> </span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkAIFOPGmgfX1w0CMHBLAxJSeUxiyZRzZXYUmbqjr4ogEKZ3IFMaeSSMCPYOEUzesMk807hTNXo622F379aWRS12IM3uBTnuafm1JYvP3QBBwp-r3mJ-wrNOUWf-OQ6xTL3sSIqKnhtQi8/s1600/siege+of+antioch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkAIFOPGmgfX1w0CMHBLAxJSeUxiyZRzZXYUmbqjr4ogEKZ3IFMaeSSMCPYOEUzesMk807hTNXo622F379aWRS12IM3uBTnuafm1JYvP3QBBwp-r3mJ-wrNOUWf-OQ6xTL3sSIqKnhtQi8/s1600/siege+of+antioch.jpg" width="216" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Although the Crusaders now had control
over the city, victory was far from secure. In the days following the
invasion a second, more massive, Turkish relief force responded to the
earlier pleas of Yaghi-Siyan (whose head was now in the possession of
Bohemond) and surrounded the city. Kerbogah, the emir of Mosul, had
been on the march for weeks uniting Syrian factions from all over the
region. He arrived just after Antioch’s fall with an army estimated
at between 50,000-75,000 soldiers. The Crusaders were trapped and
once again faced with impossible odds.<br /><br />It was at this time that another
“miracle” took place. A Provençal peasant named Peter
Bartholomew (who traveled with the armies of Raymond of Saint-Gilles)
claimed to receive visions of Saint Andrew. The apostle of Christ
appeared to him in his sleep and revealed the whereabouts of the Holy
Lance – the spear that pierced Christ’s side during his
crucifixion (“from which salvation rained down on the earth”). As
luck would have it, this most holy of relics apparently resided in
Antioch and if the Crusaders were able to retrieve it they were
promised victory over the Saracen hordes. Sure enough, just as all
seemed lost, a mysterious spear was indeed “discovered” in a
stone wall behind the altar at the city’s Church of Saint
Peter.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>32</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span lang="en-US"><br /><br />Though starving and badly
outnumbered, the Crusaders believed they now wielded a weapon of
unimaginable power and brazenly attacked the forces of Kerbogah –
who, inexplicably, broke ranks and retreated. Whether it was their
possession of the Holy Lance or, more likely, the unraveling of the
Turkish and Arab political factions (possibly assisted by Frankish
bribes) and Kerbogah’s incompetence, the Crusaders had triumphed. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />THE HUNGER OF DEVILS</span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br />If the Siege of Antioch
was the realization of apocalyptic prophecy, the invasion of Ma’arra
was more akin to the opening of the gates of hell. In fact, it would
go down as one of the darkest chapters of the First Crusade. It was
here that the Tafurs achieved their greatest infamy, carrying out
previously unknown levels of cruelty, debauchery and barbarism
(which, by this stage of the Crusade, is saying a lot) upon a largely
undefended populace.<br /><br />Following the capture of Antioch, there
was something of a power struggle between Crusade leaders over who
would take control the city. Bohemond would eventually prevail,
keeping his personal army by his side. Having relinquished his claim,
Raymond of Saint-Gilles would resume the southward march toward
Jerusalem with his own army and <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">the</span> rag-tag assortment of Crusader
factions that followed. In late November 1098 they approached the
Syrian city of Ma’arra, a small, but relatively prosperous,
agricultural settlement with no real standing army. A few days travel
from Antioch, the inhabitants of Ma’arra were well aware of the
ruthless terror brought down upon their neighbors to the north. Some
of the more prosperous families were able to flee the city for safer
residences in Aleppo, Homs and Hama. But most of the city’s
population remained, praying for their lives as they were surrounded
by the fearsome (and starving) Crusader army.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>33</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br />As dawn broke on December 11, 1098,
priests led a collective prayer, calling on God to “raise up
Christendom and cast down Paganism.”</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>34</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>Ladders and make-shift
siege towers were then moved into place, followed by three days of
merciless carnage. Thousands were put to the sword, many raped and
tortured first. According to one chronicler, “one could scarcely go
about town except by treading over [Saracen] corpses.”</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>35</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>But it
wasn’t the extreme violence at Ma’arra that was so shocking. It
was the cannibalism. <br /></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp-wac3oAb0fuxU75bMM5leY1i84cUfV_brbGmYp9olQAnzMMCMpwA6Kh95_6i-6Xf1naDWV_w3bc9YzxCcRu07sATY8QY6D_P9YJW1SJ2kwGrqvgbVBpWI877gOoqBI2A9LRx1P9pENnS/s1600/top+banner.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp-wac3oAb0fuxU75bMM5leY1i84cUfV_brbGmYp9olQAnzMMCMpwA6Kh95_6i-6Xf1naDWV_w3bc9YzxCcRu07sATY8QY6D_P9YJW1SJ2kwGrqvgbVBpWI877gOoqBI2A9LRx1P9pENnS/s1600/top+banner.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
By this time, cannibalism was not
entirely unknown along the path to Jerusalem. Such acts had already
taken place during the Siege of Antioch, if not earlier. However,
according to written accounts, the consumption of human flesh up to
this point was done in relative secrecy, with great shame, and as a
desperate means of survival. Ma’arra was different. Whether
deliberately planned as an act of military aggression or else just
celebrated as one after the fact, the cannibalism that took place
here was practiced openly, if not proudly, in the city’s public
squares. These were God’s proud conquerors devouring the vanquished
pagan enemy in full celebration.<br /><br /><span lang="en-US">The
Crusade chronicler Fulcher of Chartres noted with revulsion how
peasant soldiers “cut pieces from the buttocks of the Saracens, who
were dead at the time, which they cooked and ate, and even if they
were barely warmed over, they savagely filled their mouths and
devoured them.”</span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>36</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>Another chronicler, Radulf of Caen, graphically
added “the pagan adults were boiled in a stewpot, the young boys
were skewered on spits and eaten grilled.”</span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>37</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>There were even
reports of human flesh being sold by street vendors, treated like
cuts of meat from butchered livestock.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="en-US"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>38</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>The Tafurs, for their
part, are said to have gorged themselves shamelessly at these macabre
feasts, boasting how the roasted Turks “tasted better than spiced
peacock.”</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" style="color: red;">39</a><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><br /></a></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqPfIwXaj51qWLwAPuTawoWwCyu3-HowJLT2GN35MFFAQdmsRgqxCvHVu-zMeseXcM89w-lHCjBw71yFBdDYIVemhFfL15wBv9Z8jLg91lW4vEcfsU36-3aABNOIjIL76W6GeiC4P5dCK8/s1600/cannibalism1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqPfIwXaj51qWLwAPuTawoWwCyu3-HowJLT2GN35MFFAQdmsRgqxCvHVu-zMeseXcM89w-lHCjBw71yFBdDYIVemhFfL15wBv9Z8jLg91lW4vEcfsU36-3aABNOIjIL76W6GeiC4P5dCK8/s1600/cannibalism1.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
The hellish ordeal would come to an end
on January 13, 1099, when hundreds of torch-bearing champions of
Christ roamed the streets of Ma’arra and set every house aflame.
The city was left in smoldering ruins.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>40</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br />Although only a fraction of Crusaders
may have consumed human flesh, the propagandist and psychological
effect was far-reaching. Raymond of Aguilers, a witness at Ma’arra,
described the response of the Turks and Arabs, who pleaded: “Who
are able to stand against this people, who are so resolute and cruel
that – after a whole year of not being driven away from the siege
of Antioch, either by hunger or sword or by any other danger – they
now eat human flesh?”</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>41</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br />Whether or not the Crusade leadership
was complicit in allowing these atrocities to take place is debated.
According to one chronicler, there was at least some disapproval at
the official level, who, in an effort to prevent further acts of
cannibalism, “had the pagans moved outside of the city gates [and]
piled them into a mound and later set fire to them.”</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>42</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
Regardless, lacking trained and disciplined combatants, they
understood the military value in the fearsome reputation that
surrounded these ragged bands who served under them. In the months
following the horrors of Ma’arra, a number of Syrian emirs would be
all too willing to pay bribes or assist the Crusader cause in order
to avoid a similar fate.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>43</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /><br />STORMING HEAVEN</b></span></span><br /><br />The political landscape of the Middle
East has always been fluid, to say the least. When the Crusaders
rallied to liberate the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in 1096 the
enemy who awaited them in the Holy Land was generally understood to
be “the Saracens” – a blanket term for the various Sunni Muslim
factions, united under the leadership of Seljuk Turks. Simple enough.
However, as they were actually closing in on Jerusalem things became
complicated. The city was no longer under Seljuk control. While the
Crusader armies were warring with Seljuk forces in northern Syria,
Jerusalem had been retaken by the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt (the
former ruling Shi’ite Muslim dynasty who lost control of the city
to the Seljuks twenty years earlier) in February 1098.<br /><br />It is fair to say that most Crusaders
had no understanding of the deep historical divisions within the
Islamic faith. Sunni, Shi’ite… they were all considered “the
race of Cain” (a cursed bloodline forever estranged from God) as
far as true Christians were concerned. However, through their
Byzantine advisers they knew the Fatimids were both a serious power
in the region and sworn enemies of the Seljuk Turks. In fact, during
the Siege of Antioch, Fatimid emissaries had met with Crusade leaders
with a proposition to join forces against the Seljuks and divide the
conquered territories between themselves. Negotiations continued for
months, but inevitably broke down around Jerusalem (despite
assurances that, under Fatimid rule, there would be freedom to
worship and open access allowed to pilgrims at all Christian holy
sites). The Crusader’s final answer came in May 1099 when they
crossed into Fatimid-controlled Palestine with their lances raised
for war.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>44</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br />After three years of intense religious
fervor, bloody warfare and the extremes of human suffering, there
would be no compromise over God’s City. For the faithful
pilgrim-soldiers who left their homes and traveled thousands of miles
into the unknown (and unthinkable), “the Crusade was above all a
collective imitato Christi, a mass sacrifice which was to be rewarded
by a mass apotheosis at Jerusalem.”</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>45</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>Jerusalem had become an
obsession. The city was considered to be the center of the Christian
world. The site of their messiah’s death and resurrection. It was a
place of miracles and salvation. According to prophecy, it was also
where the kingdom of God would be established following the
apocalypse.<br /><br />As the remaining Crusaders (numbering
about 12,000 people at this point) approached the ancient city, they
dropped to their knees and kissed the holy ground beneath them. Like
Joshua leading the Children of Israel around Jericho, they began
their assault with a three-day fast and ritual march around the
city’s walled perimeter – barefoot and without armor, as a show
of humility to God – to the amusement of the Fatimid guards.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>46</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>The strange spectacle, however, would end in anti-climax; no horns
sounded, and the walls remained very much intact. Siege warfare would
have to take the place of bible miracles.<br /><br />Following weeks of heavy fighting,
Jerusalem would eventually fall on July 15, 1099, when the city’s
defenders began to flee. As with other cities conquered in the name
of Christ, once the walls had been breached a general massacre soon
followed. No one knows for sure, but it is estimated that nearly
70,000 people were slaughtered during the invasion.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>47</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <br /></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUOb655azcnj28nuLW8Ug1ypDToupjDbSqXBrqlXtEgtclxC6XVoHuI6UN43zhEWzu2U7-8jMKWTMzqmuNU4ZIaY1tsgsTF7CwGO4Rkb40X5XzbAswMtkAyk5ZXaF3nBhPZ7Gtr8C4ZGdz/s1600/crusades.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUOb655azcnj28nuLW8Ug1ypDToupjDbSqXBrqlXtEgtclxC6XVoHuI6UN43zhEWzu2U7-8jMKWTMzqmuNU4ZIaY1tsgsTF7CwGO4Rkb40X5XzbAswMtkAyk5ZXaF3nBhPZ7Gtr8C4ZGdz/s1600/crusades.jpg" width="258" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
Raymond of Augilers, a Crusader priest
who was witness to the carnage, described the scene: “Some of the
pagans were mercifully beheaded, others tortured for a long time and
burned to death in searing flames. Piles of heads, hands and feet lay
in the houses and the streets… they were stabbing women who had
fled into palaces and dwellings; seizing infants by the soles of
their feet from their mothers’ laps or cradles and dashing them
against the walls and breaking their necks; they were slaughtering
some with weapons, or striking them down with stones.”</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>48</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>The
bishop and poet Gilo of Paris would later add: “Who could know the
number of the thousands who fell, when their remains were scattered
everywhere you trod. Far and wide, severed heads bedewed with blood
floated about in the welter of carnage. You could see cut-off hands
joined to bodies to which they did not belong, torsos borne along
without either leg, every part of the body either cut off and far
removed from its former location, or just wounded and left where it
belonged.”</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>49</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br />The Egyptian Fatimids would not be the
only victims of this butchery. The city’s Jewish community would
also fall prey to Christian swords. Godfrey of Bouillon, the Frankish
lord who would become the first ruler of a conquered Jerusalem, swore
to avenge “the blood of the Crucified with the blood of Israel”
after entering the city. Many Jews fled in terror and took refuge in
the city’s chief synagogue. The building was surrounded by groups
of Crusaders who sang “Christ, we adore Thee” as they burned it
to the ground.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>50</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>This was followed by the destruction of Abraham’s
tomb, an act of desecration aimed at the heart of the Jewish
faith.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>51</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br />Once the killing had ended and all of
the city’s mosques, synagogues and shrines had been destroyed, the
Crusaders made their way to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, the
final destination of their holy pilgrimage, and folded their
still-bloodied hands in prayer. In a fiery sermon, Raymond of
Augilers declared that “it was by the just and splendid judgment of
God that this place should be filled with the blood of unbelievers
since it had suffered so long from their blasphemies.”</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>52</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Pope Urban II would never hear of the
Crusader’s victory. He died in Rome two weeks later.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>53</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /><br />THE AFTERMATH</b></span></span><br /><br />With apocalyptic battles fought, the
forces of Antichrist subdued and Jerusalem now in Christian hands,
the more fanatical followers of prophecy began to wonder why Christ
was taking so long to make his return. They also noted that the
glorious kingdom of God was still as arid and inhospitable as it was
under infidel rule. Messianic expectation soon ended in earthly
disillusionment as the Crusaders were faced with the stark reality
around them: the liberation of Jerusalem had not resulted in heaven
on earth, but rather the dangerous occupation of a foreign desert
land surrounded by enemies on all sides.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>54</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br />It would not be long before the
conquering Crusader factions started squabbling amongst themselves
over plunder and the right to govern the city. Also, who was going to
clean up this mess? (Fortunately, there were enough survivors to
enslave and charge with removing the corpses, which were piled in
mountainous heaps “as big as houses” outside of the city
gates).</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>55</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>Many were ready to return home. Raymond of Saint-Gilles,
who still possessed the magical Holy Lance, was the first to be
offered Jerusalem’s colonial rulership by the inner circle of
Crusader lords and priests. He declined. They next turned to Godfrey
of Bouillon, who reluctantly accepted the position under the title of
Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri (Protector of the Holy Sepulchre) on July,
22, 1099.<br /><br />In the epic poetry of the
twelfth-century, it is King Tafur who is chosen to perform Godfrey’s
coronation (the Tafurs would become popular Crusade folk hero
characters for peasant story-tellers back in Europe). He performed it
by handing Godfrey a branch of thorns to symbolize the Crown of
Thorns worn by Christ. Godfrey paid homage to the poor and
swore to hold Jerusalem as a fief from God and King Tafur; Tafur, in
turn pledged to stay with his army in order to defend the new King
and his Kingdom. Following this fictional ceremony, the Tafurs <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">we</span>re
named as guardian protectors of the monastery at Mount Zion.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>56</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup> </sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFaggskjzM5KvUXtB7Quj0JJQplVYcl6Gb5qz1HMVOY7oZVnDrZAPBKsgXtIa_Ojh2oishyphenhyphenFeyMTm0zc4ULju94QXgVRlsEte66i7fMk_N9uvgGGVpnT4YLHr84_J6OszR5wgu0uO0G567/s1600/crusade+map.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFaggskjzM5KvUXtB7Quj0JJQplVYcl6Gb5qz1HMVOY7oZVnDrZAPBKsgXtIa_Ojh2oishyphenhyphenFeyMTm0zc4ULju94QXgVRlsEte66i7fMk_N9uvgGGVpnT4YLHr84_J6OszR5wgu0uO0G567/s1600/crusade+map.gif" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
The armies of Fatimid Egypt attempted to retake Jerusalem but the city<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span>would remain in Western hands for nearly a century after its capture.
Additionally, three other Crusader states were established: the
County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch and the County of
Tripoli. These four states were essentially made up of a series of
fortresses and fortified ports along the Eastern Mediterranean that
remained threatened throughout their existence. The locals never did
quite warm up to their Euro-Christian occupiers.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>57</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In the end, t</span>he greatest
Crusade spoils would go to the trading houses of Genoa, Pisa and
Venice, who amassed Europe’s early banking fortunes through the
colonial subjugation and plunder of the East.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>58</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">As for Peter The Hermit,<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">“T</span></span></span></span></span>he People’s
Pope” whose call to arms launched the Peasants Crusade, he was
briefly disgraced when he attempted desertion during the Siege of
Antioch. “As stars seemed to fall from the heaven in the book of
the Apocalypse,” wrote the Crusade chronicler Guibert of Nogent,
“so that Peter, a most famous hermit, gave into foolishness and
departed.”</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>59</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span>Recognizing the error of his ways, Peter would later
return to seek the forgiveness <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">of</span> his comrades. With his reputation
salvaged he would go on to give rousing sermons, lead diplomatic
negotiations, and collect alms for the poor for the remainder of the
Crusade. Following Godfrey’s coronation he preached his final
sermon at the Mount of Olives (where the resurrected Christ is
claimed to have ascended to heaven) before returning to Europe.<br /><br />Peter would go on to establish an
Augustinian monastery at Neufmoutier, in Liège along the Meuse
River, where he quietly remained until his
death in 1115. At his request he was buried in a modest grave on the
monastery grounds. However, a century later an abbot would remove his
bones to a more grandiose shrine within the Abbey Church <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">that</span> was
dedicated to the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem. The church <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">would eventually be</span>
ransacked and torched during the French Revolution in 1793. During
the fire, the tomb of Peter the Hermit was destroyed and his remains
were scattered to the winds.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>60</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup><br /></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">published by</span><b> <a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/wretched-of-the-earth-peasant-armies-apocalyptic-prophecies-and-christian-atrocities-during-the-first-crusade/"><span style="font-size: large;">CVLT NATION</span></a></b></span><a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/the-great-dying-new-englands-coastal-plague-1616-1619/"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></b></a><span style="font-size: small;">(April 7, 2015)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/no-gods-no-masters-blasphemy-desecration-and-anticlerical-violence-during-the-spanish-civil-war/"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></a></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span>
<br />
<hr width="80%" />
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: red;">1</span><span style="color: white;"> </span></span></a><span style="color: white;">Jay Rubenstein, </span><span style="color: white;"><b><i>Armies of Heaven: The First Crusade and the Quest for Apocalypse</i></b> (New York: Basic Books, 2011), </span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">125.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="2" style="color: red;"><b>2 </b></a></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Amin Maalouf, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><i style="font-weight: bold;">The Crusade Through Arab Eyes </i>(New York: Schocken Books, 1989),</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"> 9-10.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red;"><b>3 </b></a></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Oliver Joseph Thatcher, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-style: italic;">The Library of Original Sources: Ideas That Have Influenced Civilization, Volume IV: Early Medieval Age </b>(Milwaukee: University Research Extension Company, 1915)</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">, </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">341.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red;"><b>4 </b></a></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Norman Cohn, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970), 53.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"></a></i></b></b></i></b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>5 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></span></span></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Robert Fuller, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Naming the Antichrist: The History of an American Obsession </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 33.</span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b>
</b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>6 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rubenstein, <b><i>Armies of Heaven</i></b>, 12.</span></span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red;"><b>7 </b></a></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cohn, 62.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red;"><b>8 </b></a></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rubenstein, <b><i>Armies of Heaven</i></b>, 45.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"></a></i></b></b></i></b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>9 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></span></span></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Steven Runciman, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>The First Crusade </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 64.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b>
</b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>10 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Albert of Aachen, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><b><i>Historia Ierosolimitana</i></b></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b>Book I</b> (Burlington: Ashgate Publishing, 2013), 59.</span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="7" style="color: red;"><b>11 </b></a></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rubenstein, <b><i>Armies of Heaven</i></b>, 65-66.</span></span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="8" style="color: red;"><b>12 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Susan Janet Ridyard, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>The Medieval Crusade</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Rochester: Boydell & Brewer, 2004), </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">55.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="8" style="color: red;"><b>13 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Avner Falk, </span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-style: italic;">Franks and Saracens: Reality and Fantasy in the Crusades</b> (New York: Routledge, 2010), </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">91.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="10" style="color: red;"><b>14 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cohn,<b style="font-style: italic;"> 6</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">0.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red;"><b>15 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cohn, 66-67.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>16 </i></b></a></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cohn, 86.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>17<span style="color: white;"></span></i></b></a></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i> </i></b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">L. Sumberg, "</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">The Tafurs and the First Crusade</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">," </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><i>Medieval Studies</i>, no. 21 (1959): 227-28.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red;"><b>18 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cohn, 65.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red;"><b>19 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cohn, 66.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>20 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Maalouf, 5.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="15" style="color: red;"><b>21 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cohn, 65-67.</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="16" style="color: red;"><b><br />22 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Donald</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> Dutton, </span></span></span></span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i>The Psychology of Genocide, Massacres, and Extreme Violence: Why Normal People Commit Atrocities </i></b></span></b></i></span></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">(London: Praeger Security International, 2007), 6.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>23 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rubenstein, <i><b>Armies of Heaven</b></i>, 86.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="18" style="color: red;"><b>24 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rubenstein, <b><i>Armies of Heaven</i></b>,146.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="19" style="color: red; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">25</a> </span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Heather Selma Gregg, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>The Path to Salvation: Religious Violence from the Crusades to Jihad </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2014), 40.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="21" style="color: red;"><b>26</b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span style="color: white;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="20"><b> </b></a></i></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Rubenstein, <i><b>Armies of Heaven</b></i>, 153.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="21" style="color: red;"><b>27 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">Rubenstein, <i><b>Armies of Heaven</b></i>, 152.</span></span><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="22" style="color: red;"><b>28 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rubenstein, <b><i>Armies of Heaven</i></b>, 155-56.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="23" style="color: red;"><b>29 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sarah-Grace Heller, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">Terror in the Old French Crusade Cycle: From Splendid Calvary to Cannibalism</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">," P</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">aper presented at <i>Re-Visioning Terrorism: An Interdisciplinary and International Conference</i>, Purdue University, September, 2011.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="24" style="color: red;"><b>30 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Maalouf, 31.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><i><br /></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="1"><b><span style="color: red;">31 </span></b></a></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Maalouf, 32.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red;"><b>32 </b></a></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Timothy Reuter, </span></span></span></span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i>Warriors and Churchmen in the High Middle Ages</i></b></span></b></i></span></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(London: Bloombury Publishing, 2003), 109.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red;"><b>33 </b></a></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Maalouf, 38.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"><b>34 </b></a></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">Rubenstein, <b><i>Armies of Heaven</i></b>, 242.</span><span style="color: red;">.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"><b>35 </b></a></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Dutton, 9.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>36 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rubenstein, <b><i>Armies of Heaven</i></b>, 240.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="7" style="color: red; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">37 </a></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">Radulf of Caen,</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-weight: bold;">The Gesta Tancredi of Ralph of Caen: A History of the Normans on the First Crusade </i>(Burlinton: Ashgate Publishing, 2005), 43. </span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="8" style="color: red;"><b>38 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">Jay Rubenstein, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cannibals and Crusaders</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">," </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><i>French Historical Studies</i>, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Fall 2008): 531.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="10" style="color: red;"><b>39 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Carol Sweetenham, </span></span></span></span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i>The Chanson d'Antioche: An Old French Account of the First Crusade</i></b></span></b></i></span></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> (New York: Routledge, 2011), </span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">202.</span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red;"><b>40 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Maalouf, 40.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red;"><b>41 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Raymond of Aguilers, </span></span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i>Liber</i></b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Paris: Orientalist Bookstore Paul Geuthner, 1969), 101.</span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>42 </i></b></a></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">Peter Tudebode, </span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><i><b>Historia de Hierosolymitano itinere </b></i></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">(Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1974),</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"> 124-25.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>43 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Maalouf, 40.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red;"><b>44 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Maalouf, 44-47.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="16" style="color: red;"><b><br /></b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red;"><b>45 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cohn, 64.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>46 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rubenstein, Armies of Heaven, 283-84.</span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="15" style="color: red;"><b>47 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">Caroline Hillenbrand, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 66.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="16" style="color: red;"><b>48 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Dutton, 10.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">49</span> </span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Gilo of Paris, </span></span></span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b>The Historia Via Hierosolimitane IX </b></i></span></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(London: Clarendon Press, 1997), 315-22.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="18"><b><span style="color: red;">50 </span></b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;">Robert Michael, </span></span></span><b style="color: white;"><i><i><i><i><i><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span style="background-color: black;">A History of Catholic Antisemitism: The Dark Side of the Church </span></i></span></i></i></i></i></i></i></b><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;">(London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 68.</span></span><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><i><b style="background-color: black;"> </b></i></span></span></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="19" style="color: red;"></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="19" style="color: red;"></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="19" style="color: red;"></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red;"><b>51 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ibn Al-Qalanisi, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><i style="font-weight: bold;">The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn Al-Qalanisi </i>(New York: Dover Publications, 2011), 48-49.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>52 </i></b></a></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">Gregg, 40-41.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>53 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Brett Edward Whalen, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>The Medieval Papacy: European History in Perspective</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 108.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red;"><b>54 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; color: red;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rubenstein, <b><i>Armies of Heaven</i></b>, 324.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="16" style="color: red;"></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red;"><b>55 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rubenstein, <b><i>Armies of Heaven</i></b>, 296.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>56 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cohn, 67.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="15" style="color: red;"><b>57 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">Will Durant, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>The Age of Faith: The Story of Civilization</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011)</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">, 57.</span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="16" style="color: red;"><b>58 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gerald A. Hodgett, </span></span></span></span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i>A Social and Economic History of Medieval Europe </i></b></span></b></i></span></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">(New York: Routledge, 2006), 74.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>59 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Guilbert of Nogent, </span></span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i><i><i><i><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>The Deeds of God Through the Franks: A Translation of Guibert de Nogent's Gesta Dei Per Francos</b></span></i></i></i></i></i></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"> (</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rochester: Boydell & Brewer, 1997),</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"> 179-80.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="18" style="color: red;"><b>60 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Daniel Ayres Goodsell, </span></span></span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i><i><i><i><i><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Peter the Hermit: A Story of Enthusiasm </i></span></i></i></i></i></i></i></b><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">(New York: Abingdon Press, 1924), 98.</span></span>Mark Laskeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09221596829655982430noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4460192715541619034.post-42023163373763690702014-09-11T20:40:00.002-07:002018-05-27T23:19:30.591-07:00Rites of Desecration<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><b>Suicide,
Sacrilege and the Crossroads Burial </b></span></span></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqBoRG3vZbi0_yx3PARQk6f3t704x6CAx4lCPaWcHYXjGi-vonD17v07PD4MfWLimB6zsJ9oAvS22oEpAiCNVXykr2a13wPiN_If8yy5bIMhABZEReSYe-vakBxeh3Xlk_ylIQ2ncCP11S/s1600/crossroads5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqBoRG3vZbi0_yx3PARQk6f3t704x6CAx4lCPaWcHYXjGi-vonD17v07PD4MfWLimB6zsJ9oAvS22oEpAiCNVXykr2a13wPiN_If8yy5bIMhABZEReSYe-vakBxeh3Xlk_ylIQ2ncCP11S/s1600/crossroads5.jpg" width="291" /></a></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Although
suicide has always been considered to be the most personal of acts,
it has a complex social and<span style="font-size: small;"> cultural history in the Western world –
one that has been shaped by three-thousand years of shifting
mor</span>alities, public opinions, popular superstitions, religious beliefs, medical interpretations and philosophical debates.<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />In
ancient Greek and Roman societies, “self-death” was generally
treated with a sense of ambivalence. Philosophers pondered the
subject with an open mind, balancing notions of morality and free
will, and ultimately believing it better to depart in peace rather
than live a life of misery. Elite s</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">oldiers</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
were expected to follow a hero's code, where death by one's own hand
was embraced over surrender and battlefield disgrace. </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial";">Medical
practitioners routinely assisted in mercy killings, providing poisons
to patients who wished to end prolonged sickness or suffering. Even
members of the nobility, when faced with criminal charges and public
shame, considered suicide to be a dignified means for salvaging one's
personal legacy from total disgrace.<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />This
relatively tolerant attitude would change dramatically with the rise
of Christianity. The early Christian sects themselves gave
little value to life in this world. Following the example of their
executed messiah, they celebrated the acts of martyrs who embraced death
rather than renounce their faith. But as the religion became
institutionalized by the fifth-century this outlook would change.
</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">S</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">uicide
was unequivocally declared a moral abomination, a sinful act of
violence</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
against God directed by the Devil himself, “which shall not be
forgiven... neither in this world, neither in the world to come.”</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">1</a><br /></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Initially
the punishment was spiritual in nature; those who committed self-inflicted death would be
posthumously excommunicated, their corpse denied a proper Christian
burial (an ecclesiastical sentence that doomed the soul to an eternal
state of purgatory, or worse). However, by the later medieval period,
the suicidal act not only </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">ran
afoul of the church; self-death, if proven to be committed with a
sound mind, was declared “self-murder” under the common law, a
felony crime</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
subject to harsh punishments and grisly burial customs</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>2</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />C</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-weight: normal;">riminalized
suicide, and the bizarre rituals associated with it, would become most
pronounced in England during the Early Modern Era. Throughout this period it
was customary for the corpse of a self-slayer to be dragged through the
streets in mockery and defilement, staked through the heart, and then buried at a crossroads by the light
of the moon – a practice that continued up until the
1820s.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b>A
CRIME AGAINST GOD, NATURE AND THE CROWN</b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br />“<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">We
are God's possessions, and his servants, and should obey his commands
like servants. Like prisoners, we should remain in our bonds. Like
faithful followers, we should guard the treasure, and not reject the
divine gift of life.”</span></i></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
– John of Wales, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Communiloquium</span></i></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(1270)</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><br />As
with most important theological questions during the Middle Ages,
</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Saint Augustine was considered the leading
Christian authority on the subject</span></span></span> of suicide and the eternal damnation of souls. The suicidal act was condemned
as a “detestable crime and a damnable outrage” by Augustine, who
argued that “having given life, God alone had the power to
determine when people were to leave this world</span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">."</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>3</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"> By the sixth-century Church
councils throughout Western Europe would adopt Augustine's absolute
position, refusing funeral rites and masses for those who committed
self-inflicted death on themselves.</span> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In
England, the first church legislation concerning suicide was written
by the Archbishop of York in 740, which instructed priests to deny
proper </span></span></span></span>Christian burial customs to those “who laid violent hands
upon themselves” if they were proven to be of sound mind at the
time of death</span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>4</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Writing
a century later, Halitgar, the Bishop of Cambrai, declared that “if
a man slay himself of his own will with a weapon or with any means
the devil offers, it is not allowed that the Mass be sung for such a
man, or that psalms be chanted when the corpse is committed to the
earth, or that it should lie in an unpolluted tomb.<span style="background-color: black;">”</span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>5</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> This
position was reiterated in a canon attributed to King Edgar (the
first ruler of a consolidated England) in the tenth century, who
proclaimed it “neither lawful to celebrate mass for one who, by any
diabolical instigation hath voluntarily committed murder on himself,
nor to commit his body to the ground with hymns and psalmody or any
rites of honorable sepulture.”</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>6</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />Although
Christian teaching by this time considered suicide to be a sin, it
was a position that remained vague until the thirteenth century. Even
in the Bible, where a half dozen suicides are mentioned, there is no
explicit opposition to self-inflicted death.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>7</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Thomas
Aquinas, the influential Dominican priest and philosopher, would be
the first to advance a more comprehensive theological argument
condemning the suicidal act</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
</span></i></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Setting
the standard for religious condemnation, he argued that the sinful
nature of suicide rested on three principles: divine ownership, harm
against the social good and natural law.</span></span></span><br /><br />“<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Whoever
takes his own life,” according to Aquinas, “sins against God,
even as he who kills another’s slave, sins against that slave’s
master, and as he who usurps to himself judgment of a matter not
entrusted to him. For it belongs to God alone to pronounce sentence
of death and life.”</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
In addition to undermining the divine order, the act was also
considered a crime against society, “since every man is part of a
community, what happens to him must affect the community, with the
consequence that to kill oneself is to do injury to that community.”
And l</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">astly, the act of
suicide violated natural law, as “everything naturally loves
itself, the result being that everything naturally keeps itself in
being, and resists corruptions so far as it can.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>8</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />Throughout
the Middle Ages, suicide was considered an act of religious
transgression and subject to canon law and communal folk customs.
However, following Norman conquest it also came to be considered a
criminal offense – referred to as </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">felonia
de seipso, </span></i></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">or
in its shortened version,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">felo
de se</span></i></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(Latin for “felon of himself”) – and under the jurisdiction of
the Crown. Under feudal law, landless peasants were forced to swear
allegiance to the king. Among other things, t</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">his
oath bound them as the property of a lord who's lands they were
expected to work. As self-murder deprived the lord of a serf's labor
it was considered a form of theft from which compensation was
required</span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>9</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />In
the thirteenth-century legal treatise </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">De
Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae</span></i></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(“On the Laws and Customs of England”), Henry de Bracton outlined
the concept of </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">felo
de se</span></i></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
which was punished by the forfeiture of wealth (including unclaimed
debts), tools and goods, livestock and family-held lands – thereby
reducing surviving family members to a state of abject poverty.
Although rarely enforced up to this point, a handful of individuals
were successfully prosecuted for the crime of self-murder during this
period and punished accordingly.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>10</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b><br /><br />THE
DEVIL MADE ME DO IT</b></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br />“<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>The
Devil rangeth abroad like a roaring lion, seeking whom he may devour”</i>
– 1 Peter 5:8<br /></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"></span></span>
</div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi54zIN60fRwJXa-gF6nQZ_YRAf66IpHfssm5EVxj0D6cdPXwqCcoG9cW55WTOoc3EqeTfDk56kbhDXDUNEOqqaMAYCw3EnYPnEyCheYJjO2E9SdLO7cFK5HhJ-2FFCeAqEAZvlBS2Iv_2R/s1600/crossroads4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi54zIN60fRwJXa-gF6nQZ_YRAf66IpHfssm5EVxj0D6cdPXwqCcoG9cW55WTOoc3EqeTfDk56kbhDXDUNEOqqaMAYCw3EnYPnEyCheYJjO2E9SdLO7cFK5HhJ-2FFCeAqEAZvlBS2Iv_2R/s1600/crossroads4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The
Devil was widely believed to be the guiding influence behind nearly
every self-destructive act throughout the medieval and early modern
periods. The Christian Church formally branded suicide as being
'diabolically-inspired' at the Council of Arles in 452.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
This belief would continue through the Middle Ages and reach its
irrational apex</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">
following the Protestant Reformation – when</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
"the Devil" ceased to be thought of in terms of metaphor or
an afterlife concern, and began to be viewed as a real force in the
world capable of manipulating the actions of humans and causing
physical harm to those who fell under his influence.</span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />Religious
authorities initially treated suicide deaths with a sense of
leniency, sympathetic to the plight of those who were unwittingly
vexed by demonic forces and driven to desperate acts. Theodore of
Tarsus, the seventh century Archbishop of Canterbury, exempted cases
where the individual had acted out of fear or desperation, arguing
that final judgment should “remain in the hands of God”. However,
by the later medieval period, there was a growing insistence on the
sinful nature of the act ("the gravest temptation the Devil
inflicted on Christian souls") and need for worldly
punishment.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>12</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />Temptation
has been a central concept associated with the Devil throughout
Christian history. But it wasn't until after Reformation that the
role of tempter became the single most important aspect of his
agency.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>13</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><b> </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">This
belief was exemplified in the teachings of the Puritans, who
considered Satan to be a “largely unseen but […] constant and
ubiquitous presence, the provoker of sinful thoughts, ever
manipulating the flesh and minds of every Englishman and woman,
pushing them to commit sin and crime and thereby capture their
souls.”</span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>14</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><b> </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">The
Puritan minister John Sym wrote a lengthy tract on the subject of
suicide in the 1630s (</span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Lifes
Preservative Against Self-Killing</span></i><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
in which he argued that the impulse towards taking one's own life was
the work of the Devil, "who himself is a murderer, and moves man
to practice it."</span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>15</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><b><br /></b><br />T<span style="font-weight: normal;">he
fact that suicide was considered a diabolical act is what set it
apart from most other crimes (with the exception of witchcraft) from
this period. The majority of unlawful acts could be blamed on worldly
impulses such as greed, dishonesty or violence. Self-murder, on the
other hand, was considered to be a crime with supernatural
distinction, driven by </span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Diabolo
impellente</span></i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> (“the
impulse of the Devil”) to undermine Christian values and moral
order.</span><b> </b></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>16</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <br /><br />Depression
was believed to be the primary means used by the Dev</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">il</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">
to instigate suicidal thoughts among the spiritually weak.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In
fact, a</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">diagnosis
of m</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">elancholy
would often be described during this period as </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>balneum
diaboli</i></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> ("the devil's
bath"), a state from which Satan "compelled such crazed
souls to think such damned thoughts against their wills, [...]
opposite to nature, opposite to God and his word."</span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>17</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">From 1597 to 1634,
an English physician named Richard Napier kept records of over a
hundred people in his care who claimed to be tempted by the Devil to
self-inflict harm or death on themselves.</span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>18</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />In a
surviving transcript of a 1663 sermon concerning suicide and
diabolical influence, the case of James Salowayes is highlighted.
Imprisoned after failing to pay a gambling debt, Salowayes fell to
despair and attempted to cut his own throat. He claimed that the
disembodied voice of the Devil had spoken to him, declaring, </span>“<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Thou
shalt be burned in this prison, therefore it is better for thee to
make away thy self than be burnt”.</span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>19</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><b>
</b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In
a similar case, a London man named Anthony Joyce was unsuccessful in
an attempt to take his own life in </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">1677.
Questioned by authorities, he confessed that he had been “led by
the Devil” into the act after he “forgot to serve God as he
ought.”</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>20</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />Similarly, Nehemiah
Wallington, a young seventeenth-century Puritan, claimed in his diary
to have made eleven attempts at ending his life under diabolic
influence. The Devil “showed himself” in various manifestations,
including a crow, his sister, a minister and a disembodied voice.
“Satan tempted me,” recalls Wallington, “and I yielded to him
and pulled out my knife and put it neere my throat. Then God of his
goodness caused me to consider what would follow If I should do so.
With that I felle out a weeping and I flong away the knife.”</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>21</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><b>
</b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In
1684, a Baptist teacher named John Childs hung himself underneath the
cellar stairs of his house. In a suicide note left behind he claimed
to have been forsaken by God and influenced by “The Ministry of
Darkness” to murder himself.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>22</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />As
the Devil's servants in the community, witches would also
be accused of introducing suicidal thoughts into vulnerable minds.
Agnes Buttress, a young woman treated by the above-mentioned Richard
Napier in 1618, blamed her attempted suicide of a witch's “bad
tongue”. In 1620, Christopher Monke, of Leicestershire, told
authorities that a local minister had bewitched his wife and son,
causing the boy to cut his own throat. A Somerset man named Richard
Bovet reported a local teenager who had been influenced by a
suspected witch into repeated suicide attempts in 1684.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>23</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><b>
</b></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">And
in 1712, Jane Wenham, the last woman to be convicted of witchcraft in
England, was accused of influencing two young girls to try and drown
themselves.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>24</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />Throughout
the Early Modern era, the public's fear of suicide and diabolic
intervention could also be found in written culture, “in tracts,
sermons, devotional and conduct literature, plays and ballads, as
well as in diaries and common-place books.”</span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>25</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
One seventeenth century a</span></span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;">lmanac
would annually report on the suicides of otherwise unknown
individuals. The purpose, according the publisher,</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;">
was to warn readers</span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto;">
“against the evil suggestions of the Prince of Darkness, that
implacable Enemy of Mankind.”</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>26</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b><br /><br />WHERE
THE FOUR PATHS MEET</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i><br />"...
when the ghost of body issues forth from the grave and finds that
there are four paths stretching in as many directions he will be
puzzled to know which way to take and will stand debating until dawn
compels him to return to the earth, but woe betide the unhappy being
who happens to pass by when he is lingering there perplexed and
confused.” – </i><i><span style="font-style: normal;">Montague
Summer, English clergyman (1928)<br /></span></i></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDDW4aDK5IPOib5QngSTKHGgCLFjslNc-ATWhaQhWpm8pHG518J2S4YjHDbCL3LsHtmsJeBYW8ZlByERT-X8J_OZWYTfmAz4V9v02Apdk2djas7wTx1a4yCFHXwDljef8JQWqkNYkDXRpD/s1600/crossroads1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDDW4aDK5IPOib5QngSTKHGgCLFjslNc-ATWhaQhWpm8pHG518J2S4YjHDbCL3LsHtmsJeBYW8ZlByERT-X8J_OZWYTfmAz4V9v02Apdk2djas7wTx1a4yCFHXwDljef8JQWqkNYkDXRpD/s1600/crossroads1.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The crime of self-inflicted death would be tried posthumously by a coroner's jury. If found
guilty of “self-murder” one would be punished according
to both common and canon law. The Crown would confiscate the
self-murderer's worldly possessions as restitution; religious
authorities would deny the requisites for a heavenly afterlife
(prayers, funerary services and a Christian burial). But punishment
didn't end there. It was also customary – particularly during the
Tudor and Stuart periods – for the corpse of a <i>felo de se
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">suicide to undergo a form of
ritual desecration: defilement of one's body and living memory,
followed by “</span>profane burial” at a crossroads.<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />The
significance of a crossroads burial has a unique history of its own,
one that traces back to pagan times. </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Crossroads
have long been considered an uneasy place, transitional gaps between
bounded areas that were unclaimed and vulnerable to supernatural
forces. The people of antiquity would leave “polluted materials”
expelled from society – be it household garbage or executed
criminals – at these converging pathways. In ancient Greece, the
customary treatment of those convicted of parricide (murder of a
blood relative) was execution, followed by ritual desecration at a
crossroads. The body would be “carried, naked, to an appointed
crossroads lying outside the city” and “each official [would]
throw a stone at the corpse's head” as an act of purification. The
body was then left unburied.</span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>27</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />Among
the Germanic people, criminals
would be ritually executed and left hanging from gallows located at highway crossings as a blood
offering to the gods. The early Christians continued to associate
crossroads with these heathen practices, and considered them to be
spoiled and haunted grounds. Like the ancient Greeks, Romans and
Germanics before them, highway crossings were customarily designated
as areas where the corpses of criminals who were guilty of
particularly heinous acts should be discarded.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>28</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><b>
</b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">They
were also believed to be the meeting place of witches, who used these
liminal points as a portal to commune with malevolent forces from the
supernatural realm.<br /><br />Since
crossroads were considered dissociated places, they provided
symbolically suitable grave sites for the</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">
outcasted – and potentially restless – dead. As an act of
suicide cut a life prematurely short it was thought of as having
broken from the divine order, and as a result, the soul was condemned
to a state of eternal purgatory. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The
ghosts of suicide deaths were believed to be particularly hostile and
susceptible to demonic control. According to some folklorists and
historians, the significance of burying the body at a crossroads was
to confuse the restless spirit left behind so they could not easily
return to the community from which they took up residence in
life.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>29</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />In
Germany, there is a medieval reference to suicide and crossroads
burial in the 13</span><sup><span style="font-weight: normal;">th</span></sup><span style="font-weight: normal;">
century </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Landrecht
</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">laws of Silesia,
which states that “when someone kills himself in a </span>house or
field he shall be buried at a road junction.” This custom was
further defined by the Rügen laws of 1530, which suggested that the
body be dragged to the nearest crossroads, “where two or three
field boundaries are marked, and there bury it in the ground and soil
of the lordship in which he killed himself, putting his head where
Christian dead have their feet.”</span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>30</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />Archeological
evidence from England points to various outcast burial customs,
including crossroads burials, going back to Anglo-Saxon times. The
first documented instance of this practice being used specifically
for a suicide death dates to 1510, when Robert Browner, the superior
of Butley Priory in Suffolk, hung himself after mismanaging church
finances and his corpse was ordered staked and buried at a highway
crossing.</span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>31</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In
the decades that followed, the English Reformation would unfold and
religious</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> reformers
attempted to rid the church of archaic rituals that embodied medieval
Catholic or pagan elements. But when it came to burial practices –
particularly in the case of suicides and other postmortem outcasts –
the folk customs of the past continued to be followed.<br /><br />Incorporating
both inverted Christian and pagan rituals, t</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">he
Rites of Desecration was a burial custom used to symbolically cast
out suicides from the Christian community (both living and dead) in
England during this period.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>32</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />The
corpse of a suicide death was considered “polluted” and unworthy
of proper Christian funerary and burial customs. Instead, it was</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
to be interred at night, placed naked and face down in unhallowed
ground (most often at a crossroads, or some other unclaimed stretch
along a highway).</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
It was important that the body be </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">buried
facing north to south, as opposed to the Christian custom of west to
east. It would then be staked to the ground, generally through the
heart, as a means to </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">anchor
the spirit to the grave (or else prevent the body from rising to face
God at the final day of judgment). </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">In
some instances, this would be accompanied by postmortem decapitation,
with the head placed between the legs. The ritual was completed by
piling stones on top of the desecrated corpse.</span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>33</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />Beyond
religious purpose, this strange custom also served as a deterrent for
others contemplating self-murder. John Weever, a seventeenth century
English antiquarian, explained that the purpose of burying corpses of
suicidals at public crossings “with a stake thrust through their
bodies, [was] to terrifie all passengers, by that so infamous and
reproachfull a buriall, [so as to] not to make such their finall
passage out of this world.”</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" style="color: red;">34</a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><br /></a></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidqm0LVzT2fyYYRYhAKS6ftEUvfQlXHux1jT5YaBrombwcubPrfQtWAHDB6RhmMZMFMz6sa5d5NSljnyaNnp2ksptHUj5N7rPxs4RZ2Duq7pyzVIcpPOeYIeybH5OvgJSUGvTlMFORder7/s1600/crossroads3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidqm0LVzT2fyYYRYhAKS6ftEUvfQlXHux1jT5YaBrombwcubPrfQtWAHDB6RhmMZMFMz6sa5d5NSljnyaNnp2ksptHUj5N7rPxs4RZ2Duq7pyzVIcpPOeYIeybH5OvgJSUGvTlMFORder7/s1600/crossroads3.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The
remains of other “unclean” deaths – suspected witches,
murderers, thieves, gypsies and traitors – could be treated in the
same manner. A version of this grim practice is described in a 1657
coroner's report for Miles Sindercombe, a rebel leader who was
publicly executed for his part in a conspiracy to assassinate Oliver
Cromwell. Inverting the Christian practice of respectfully carrying
the body aloft, Sindercombe's naked corpse was dragged from the
gallows 'head forward' behind a horse to his roadside grave. A long
stake was then driven through the body and into the earth, with the
“part of the Stake [that] remained above ground plated with Iron,
which may stand as an example of terror to all Traytors for time to
come.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>35</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b><br /><br />SELF-MURDER
IN THE EARLY MODERN ERA</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><br />“<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>O
death destroye my memorie which is my Tormentor; my thoughts and my
life cannot dwell in one body.” </i>– Sir Walter Raleigh, in a
letter sent to his wife prior to attempted suicide </span></span></span>
</div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br />The
English Reformation touched off a series of social, political and
religious changes throughout the country. Having broken with papal
authority in 1534, the Church of England came under monarchist rule.
This was followed by a series of new legal structures that extended
the administrative control of the church and state into the
countryside far more pervasively than ever before. Simultaneously,
the animosity between Protestants and Catholics, and inter-Protestant
factionalism between Anglicans and Puritans, led to a period of
doctrinal insecurity and persecution. It wouldn't be long before
sacred truths came under assault, old superstitions were given new
life, and spiritual enemies were found at every turn.<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />It
was during this era that public condemnation of suicide became even
more pronounced, and the role of the Devil more conspicuous.
Underscoring the Church of England's stance for the next century,
George Abbot, the seventeenth century Archbishop of Canterbury,
declared the taking of one's own life to be “a sin so grieuous that
scant any is more hainous unto the Lord.”</span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>36</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Penalties
also increased in severity, and were rigorously enforced</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.
Between 1485 and 1660 over 95% of those who killed themselves were
convicted of </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">felo
de se </span></i></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">(with
only 2% excused as </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">non
compos mentis </span></i></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">–
“not of sound mind”</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
and punished accordingly.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>37</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />The
custom of ritual desecration also continued unabated. A typical
example from this period can be found in the 1595 case of Elizabeth
Wickham, a widowed woman parishioner from St. Botolph's Algate, “who
hanged herself upon a garden pale by her apron strings”. Upon
discovering she had previously attempted to take her own life, a
verdict of </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">felo
de se</span></i></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
was passed. She was buried “in the alley where she hanged herself,
[…] having a stake through her in remembrance of her
wickedness.”</span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>38</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
Another example comes from a 1665 coroner's report, documenting the
the treatment of the suicide of a young Wiltshire man named Henry
Apes. After hanging himself in a barn, Apes' body was ordered “buryed
between the two parishes of Staunton and Alton Barnes, with two
stakes thrust through him.”</span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>39</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />In the
wake of the English Civil Wars of 1642-51 and the Revolution of 1688,
and with the growing influence of Enlightenment philosophies, the
country underwent further social and systematic changes. Royalist
authority was challenged, the Church of England's theocratic</span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
monopoly was broken, radical and ultra-traditionalist religious sects
were increasingly marginalized, and, among other legal reforms, the
laws concerning self-murder were being tempered. </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The
'age of reason' had given rise to religious moderation, humanitarian
perspectives and scientific rationalism – all of which contributed
to a marked shift in public opinion around the subject of suicide.</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />During
the reign of Charles III, this trend towards secularization was
reflected in the rulings of coroner's juries and selective
enforcement of suicide laws. In fact, by the last three decades of
the eighteenth century, </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">felo
de se </span></i></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-weight: normal;">verdicts
became as rare as </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">non
compos mentis </span></i></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ones
had been during the Tudor period. Over 97% of the recorded suicides
of this period were declared mentally unstable, with the rare
instances of a </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">felo
de se</span></i></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
verdict reserved for violent criminals or other persons of
ill-repute as a means of posthumous punishment and disgrace.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>40</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />There
were, however, still evangelical sects (Methodists, Nonconformists)
who clung to the archaic beliefs of the past that considered the
Devil to be a co-conspirator involved with every act of self-murder –
a belief shared by many common folk, regardless of denomination. And
for those who were convicted of self-murder<span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span>punishment remained as severe (and the burial
practices as grisly) as ever.<br /><br />In 1722,
a London bank robber who ended his life by a pistol shot to the head
was convicted posthumously, “wrapp'd in an old Blanket, and buried
upon Blackheath, with a Stake drove through him”. A Shropshire
shoemaker who hung himself and was declared <i>fel de se </i><span style="font-style: normal;">in</span><i>
</i><span style="font-style: normal;">1731. His family buried the
corpse clandestinely in his back garden, hoping to avoid public
shame. However public officials dug him up and relocated the corpse
to a public highway, re-interring him following the traditional
custom.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>41</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></i></span>A woman accused of poisoning sixteen people at a
workhouse in Epworth and then ingesting arsenic to end her life was
found guilty of<i> </i><span style="font-style: normal;">self-murder
by a coroner's jury in 1790. Her body was buried along a highway with
two stakes driven through the corpse. And a few years later, in 1793,
a thief named Jones had robbed a bank's clerk and hung himself in his
jail cell to avoid trial. His body was paraded through the streets on
an open cart with a white cloth covering his face, and deposited in a
pit with a stake driven through it.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" style="color: red;">42</a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><br /></a></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDDLO5Fz6UggERfN5cAzcT1NOl2mGig2vYsVi6ZOCYZ1H-xEENtsAIy8-1JQROzG3GHEs_dMKsDtzpNYcWwdNmRbOaBhTHOxTdEwbDySqnRK4OiKgef6ngsu3Oq1ECYCQ88l8mT0Y1QEwG/s1600/crossroads6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDDLO5Fz6UggERfN5cAzcT1NOl2mGig2vYsVi6ZOCYZ1H-xEENtsAIy8-1JQROzG3GHEs_dMKsDtzpNYcWwdNmRbOaBhTHOxTdEwbDySqnRK4OiKgef6ngsu3Oq1ECYCQ88l8mT0Y1QEwG/s1600/crossroads6.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">One of
the most infamously documented profane burials took place in December
1811, when John Williams committed suicide after he was accused of
being “The London Monster” (a notorious highwayman and serial
killer). Williams' corpse was drawn through the street on a cart with
his murder weapons – a bloodied maul and chisel – by his side,
followed by a massive procession of up to a thousand people. When
they reached the junction of Cannon Street and Cable Street, “the
body was crammed into the ground, and a stake driven through the
heart with the same maul Williams used to kill his victims” (his
staked remains were discovered by a gas company digging in the area
in 1866).</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>43</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b><br /><br />CONCLUSION</b></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />The
Rites of Desecration continued to be performed for exceptional
criminal suicides into the 1820s. The last known documented instance of this practice took place in June 1823 when </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Abel
Griffiths, a 22-year old law student who took his own life after
murdering his father, received a profane burial at the crossroads
where London's Victoria Station now stands. Reflecting the shift in
public opinion, the </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>Annual
Register </i></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">criticized
the macabre spectacle</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">,
noting that “the disgusting part of the ceremony of throwing lime
over the body and driving a stake through it was dispensed” prior
to interment.</span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>44</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The
old burial custom – d</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">escribed
at this time by moralists and parliamentarians as “an odious and
disgusting ceremony” and “an act of malignant and brutal
folly,”</span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>45</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
–</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">would
be</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">suppressed by the 1823
'Burial of Suicide Act'.<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />However,
suicidal deaths still carried a heavy stigma and continued to be
punished and outcasted post-death (placed on the north side of
churchyards, alongside unbaptized infants, excommunicates and
executed criminals).</span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>46</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
The penalty of property forfeiture wouldn't be repealed until 1870,
and religious penalties continued on for another decade</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">.</span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>47</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
“Self-murder” itself would remain a criminal act on the statute
books right up until</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
the passage of 'The Suicide Act' of 1961.</span><br /><br />Although
suicide has since been secularized, decriminalized and largely
demystified in the public mind, there still remains a folkloric
belief centered around England's old crossroads – and the restless
ghosts who are said to reside there. Emotionally tortured in life,
defiled in death and disgraced in memory, the “self-murderers” of
the past will continue to haunt the popular mind, reminding us of the
archaic beliefs and macabre rituals of the not-so-distant past.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br />published by</span><b> <a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/rites-of-desecration-suicide-sacrilege-and-profane-burial-at-the-crossroads/"><span style="font-size: large;">CVLT NATION</span></a></b></span><a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/the-great-dying-new-englands-coastal-plague-1616-1619/"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></b></a><span style="font-size: small;">(September 8, 2014)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/no-gods-no-masters-blasphemy-desecration-and-anticlerical-violence-during-the-spanish-civil-war/"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></a></span></span><br />
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<b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034"><br /><span style="color: red;"><br />1</span></a><i> </i></b><span style="color: white;">Alexander Murray, </span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i>Suicide in the Middle Ages: The Curse of Self Murder, Volume II</i></b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 190.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="2" style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">2</a> </span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Michael MacDonald & Terence Murphy, </span></span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i>Sleepless Souls: Suicide in Early Modern England </i></b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 15.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red;"><b>3 </b></a></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Augustine of Hippo, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i>Augustine: The City of God Against the Pagans, Books 1-13</i></b> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 38.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b> </b></i></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red;"><b>4 </b></a></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Bertram S. Puckle, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Funeral Customs: Their Origin and Development </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(London: T.W. Laurie, Ltd, 1926), chapter VII.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red;"><b>5 </b></a></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">Murray,</span></span></span> 265.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"></a></i></b></b></i></b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>6 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></span></span></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">MacDonald & Murphy,</span></span></span> 19.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>7 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">Jeffrey Watt, </span></span></span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>From Sin to Insanity: Suicide in Early Modern Europe </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004), 10.</span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b></b></i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>8 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Thomas Aquinas, </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Summa </b><b>Theologica </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(New York: Library of Alexandria, 2012), Fifth Article [II-II, Q. 64, Art. 5]. </span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="7" style="color: red;"><b>9 </b></a></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Murray, 83-84.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="8" style="color: red;"><b>10 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">MacDonald & Murphy,</span></span></span></span></span></span> 22.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="10" style="color: red;"><b>11 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Robert Garland, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>The Greek Way of Death</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2001),</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> 96.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red;"><b>12 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">MacDonald & Murphy,</span></span></span></span></span></span> 20.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>13 </i></b></a></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nathan Johnstone, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">The Protestant Devil: The Experience of Temptation in Early Modern England</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">,"</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><i> Journal of British Studies</i> (2004), 176.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>14<span style="color: white;"></span></i></b></a></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i> </i></b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Owen Davies, </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><b><i>Talk of the Devil: Crime and Satanic Inspiration in Eighteenth-Century England </i></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">(Hertfordshire: University of Hertfordshire, 2007), </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">4.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red;"><b>15 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">John Sym, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Lifes Preservative Against Self-Killing</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (New York: Routledge, 2015), </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">246.</span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red;"><b>16 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">Murray, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>191.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>17 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Robert Burton, <b><i>Anatomy of Melancholy, Volume 3</i></b> (Charleston: Nabu Press, 2010), 478.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="15" style="color: red;"><b>18 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">MacDonald & Murphy, 51.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="16" style="color: red;"><b><br /><span style="background-color: black;">19 </span></b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;"><b> </b>R.F., </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-style: italic;">The true relation of the bloody attempt by James Salowayes to cut his own throat in the compter, upon Sunday the 21 of June, 1663 </b>(London: Printed by R. Dickinson, 1663).</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b><span style="background-color: black;">20 </span></b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">MacDonald & Murphy, 52.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="18" style="color: red;"><b>21 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Mark Williams, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Suicide and Attempted Suicide: Understanding the Cry of Pain</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Collingdale, PA: Diane Publishing, 2001), 6.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="19" style="color: red;"><b>22<span style="color: white;"> </span></b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Josephine Seto, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Inventing the Devil and Experiencing Emotion in Seventeenth</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> <b><i>Century England</i></b>, </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">9. </span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8730.</span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="21" style="color: red;"><b>23</b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span style="color: white;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="20"><b> </b></a></i></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black;">MacDonald & Murphy,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> 53.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="21" style="color: red;"><b>24 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Cecil Ewen, </span></span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Witchcraft and Demonianism </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(New York: Barnes & Nobel, 1933), 112.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="22" style="color: red;"><b>25 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Johnstone, 175.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="23" style="color: red;"><b>26 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;">MacDonald & Murphy,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"> 304.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="24" style="color: red;"><b>27 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">S.I. Johnson, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">Crossroads</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">,"</span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><cite><span style="font-weight: normal;">Zeitschrift
für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</span></cite></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">, vol. 88 (1991): 222.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="1"><b><span style="color: red;">28 </span></b></a></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Puckle, Chapter VIII.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="2" style="color: red;"><b>29 </b></a></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">MacDonald & Murphy.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"> 47.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red;"><b>30 </b></a></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">Murray,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> 46-47.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red;"><b>31 </b></a></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">Robert Halliday, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">Criminal Graves and Rural Crossroads</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">," </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><i>British Archeology</i>, no. 25, June 1997.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"><b>32 </b></a></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">MacDonald & Murphy,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"> 18.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"><b>33 </b></a></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">Murray,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> 46-47.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>34 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">John Weever, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Ancient Funerall Monuments</b> </i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(London: Printed by Thomas Harper, 1631)</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">, </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">22.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="7" style="color: red;"><b>35 </b></a></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><i><b>The Whole Business of Sindercome </b></i>(London: Printed by Tho. Newcomb, 1657), 16.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="8" style="color: red;"><b>36 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">MacDonald & Murphy,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"> 31.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="10" style="color: red;"><b>37 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">MacDonald & Murphy, 16.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red;"><b>38 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Watt, 26.</span></span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>39 </i></b></a></span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">Andrew Reynolds, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Anglo-Saxon Deviant Burial Customs</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 217.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>40 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;">MacDonald & Murphy,</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"> 133.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red;"><b>41 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">MacDonald & Murphy, </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">213.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red;"><b>42 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">MacDonald & Murphy, </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">137-38.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>43 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">Catherine Arnold, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Necropolis: London and It's Dead</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (London: </span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Simon & Schuster, 2007), </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">187.</span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="15" style="color: red;"><b>44 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">Barbara Gates, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Victorian Suicide: Mad Crimes and Sad Histories</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), 6.</span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><b style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="16" style="color: red;">45 </a></b></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">MacDonald & Murphy, 3</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">48-49.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: black;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><b style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="16" style="color: red;">4</a><span style="font-size: xx-small;">6</span> </b></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Williams, </span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">15.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="18" style="color: red;"><b>47 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Arnold<b>,</b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"> 187.<b> </b> </span></span></span></span><i><br /></i><br />
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
Mark Laskeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09221596829655982430noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4460192715541619034.post-41877245732471782152014-07-12T11:38:00.001-07:002019-09-22T13:10:00.467-07:00The Great Dying<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-size: x-large;">New England's Coastal Plague, 1616-1619 </span></span></span></span></b></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br />“<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>[How]
strangely they have decreased by the Hand of God... and it hath
generally been observed that where the English come to settle, a
Divine Hand makes way for them.”</i> – Daniel Denton, early
American colonist</span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<br /></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicl8hBd7wq0iXTDwoI6ORdGfBToMfwBPQ0Y8EvGrRbzHs_lIOhBiepr4hgunA6Hg9LQ011lt2NZesFAr6rjt_K_p5DdF4HHb-YSXbFVTT3MK6UvJVuPfhJm38ua7oiKUaNOGswyREwQD6Z/s1600/plague4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicl8hBd7wq0iXTDwoI6ORdGfBToMfwBPQ0Y8EvGrRbzHs_lIOhBiepr4hgunA6Hg9LQ011lt2NZesFAr6rjt_K_p5DdF4HHb-YSXbFVTT3MK6UvJVuPfhJm38ua7oiKUaNOGswyREwQD6Z/s1600/plague4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The
popular Pilgrim myth involves a persecuted group of Christian
reformers who fled England in order to worship freely in the New
World. In a narrative that finds parallels with the Israelite exodus
from Egypt, these chosen people were guided by the hand of God in a perilous
journey across the Atlantic in search of what would later be
described by Puritan leader John Winthrop as “a beacon of religious
light, a model of spiritual promise, a</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
city upon a hill."</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>1</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">T</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">hrough heroic struggle and an unshakable commitment to their faith, they were able to conquer the vast New England wilderness, tame the hostile natives and expand
the glory and dominion of the Christian God in these new lands.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>2</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />In
reality, the promised land wasn't exactly a Canaan that needed to be
conquered. The area that would become Plymouth Colony was essentially
a ghost town by the time that the Pilgrims stepped foot off the
Mayflower. Deserted villages and untended fields dotted the
landscape, with caches of crops, tools and other supplies hastily
left behind... along with the skeletal remains of the former
inhabitants. A few years prior, the entire coastal region had been
ravaged by a mysterious disease that wiped out most of the native
Wampanoag and neighboring Massachusetts, Pennacook, Nauset, Permaquid
and Abenaki populations.<br /><br />For the
English settlers, this was all part of a divine plan. Providence had
taken the form of a "miraculous pestilence" that had swept
the land clean so a new Christian society could be established.
Thomas Morton, an early colonial merchant, praised the epidemic that
had recently depopulated the land, leaving it </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">“much
the more fit for the English Nation to inhabit in, and erect in it
Temples to the glory of God.”</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">3</a></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b>DEATH
COMES ASHORE</b></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">“<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>He
made a path for his anger; he spared not their soul from death, but
gave their life over to the pestilence.”</i> – Psalm 78:50</span></span></span></blockquote>
</div>
<br />
<div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-weight: normal; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirXw0ne5WUMWTV5o402eJMAlb3Lag_V4nXDQhIijyPY0igtT183csCpseLq9-TReF_72OHdVCLwfk9TB_YhJTq_kzUnib5VKcMi5Oy6kfDhM0ETuostJ6PgBF6hkf1yS5hH331cbqOFvms/s1600/plague1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirXw0ne5WUMWTV5o402eJMAlb3Lag_V4nXDQhIijyPY0igtT183csCpseLq9-TReF_72OHdVCLwfk9TB_YhJTq_kzUnib5VKcMi5Oy6kfDhM0ETuostJ6PgBF6hkf1yS5hH331cbqOFvms/s1600/plague1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The
Pilgrims were not the first Europeans to step foot in these new
lands. Since at least the early 16th century, the coastal area
between Maine and Massachusetts was being regularly visited by
English, Dutch and Portuguese fishermen, Basque whalers, and French
fur traders.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>4</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span>
The French in particular had made a number of early excursions into
the area. The explorer Samuel de Champlain led a mapping expedition
around Plymouth Harbor (which he named “Port St. Louis”) in
1605. While there, he encountered a native settlement called Patuxet,
a large cluster of Wampanoag villages that sat where the future
Plymouth Colony would be established.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup><b>5</b></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b>
</b>According to oral tradition and archeological evidence, the
Wampanoags had occupied this area for nearly 10,000 years and consisted of a population of around twelve-thousand people by the time of Champlain's explorations.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>6</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />A
second expedition to the area </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">–
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">this
time with an eye towards potential French settlement </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">–
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">took
place the following year. Declaring their colonial intentions, they
posted a giant Christian cross at the entrance to Nauset Harbor
(located in modern day Orleans, Massachusetts) and were
attacked by the angered native residents. One person was killed, the survivors were driven away, and the cross was promptly torn down.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>7</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">But</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">the French would not be
discouraged and continued to visit the region. In fact, they
are thought by many to have been responsible
for introducing the pestilence that struck down the native
population.<br /><br />In the
popular lore of the early English settlers, a crew of Frenchmen were
said to have shipwrecked along the Cape Cod coast. Their party was
taken by the local Nausets and most of them were executed, but not before
evoking a divine curse against their native captors. According to
Thomas Morton, "in a short time after, the hand of God fell
heavily upon [the Nausets] with such a mortal stroke that they died
on heaps as they lay in their houses."</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup><b>8</b></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The
Puritan minister Cotton Mather later embellished on Morton's account in his
"ecclesiastical history" of New England, adding an even
more pronounced sense of manifest destiny to the biblical narrative.
Just prior to death, one of the French sailors is said to have
“[warned] those tawny pagans, that God being angry with them for
their wickedness, would not only destroy them all, but also </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">people
the place with another nation</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">".</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>9</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />Although
the Morton/Mather version of events is largely religious fiction,
there is some basis of truth. There is a record of a French vessel
running aground on Cape Cod in 1614, and some of the crew members
were indeed taken captive and enslaved by the Nausets. But when the
two remaining survivors were ransomed to the English captain Thomas
Dermer the following year, they made no mention of disease among
their former crew members (or acts of Old Testament retribution
against their captors).</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>10</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />However,
f</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">urther north along the
Maine coast, where natives had more sustained contact with French
traders, some of the earliest reports of disease outbreak were made.
In 1616, Father Pierre Baird, a French Jesuit missionary, noted:
“[the Abenaki] are astonished and often complain that since the
French mingle and carry on trade with them they are dying fast, and
the population is thinning out.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">That
same year Captain Richard Vines, an English explorer, wintered on the
Maine coast and noted that the local natives “were sore afflicted
with the Plague, for that the Country was in a manner left void of
inhabitants.”</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>12</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />Soon the
mysterious disease spread throughout the coastal region – following
the trade routes of the Abenaki, who traded furs for corn and other
provisions from the tribes to the south</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>13</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b>
</b></span>– and turned the loose confederation of Algonquian
villages that dotted the area into an apocalyptic wasteland. Thomas
Morton offers a vivid account of the landscape left behind: "For
in a place where many inhabited, there hath been but one left a live,
to tell what became of the rest, the living being (as it seems) not
able to bury the dead, they were left for the Crowes, Kites and
vermin to prey upon. And the bones and skulls upon the severall
places of their habitations, made such a spectacle after my coming
into those partes [...] it seemed to mee a new found Golgotha."</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" style="color: red; font-weight: normal;">14</a></span></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<b style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><br /></b>
<b style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE
NATURE OF THE EPIDEMIC</span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">“<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>The
woods were almost cleared of those pernicious creatures, to make room
for a better growth.”</i> – Cotton Mather, <i>Magnalia Christi
Americana</i></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">In 1618,
at the height of the epidemic, a strange comet appeared over the
skies of New England. The great medicine men of the Wampanoags and
Penacooks ominously interpreted this event as confirmation that the
terrible sickness would soon overtake the land.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>15</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>
</b></span>They were not wrong.<br /><br />Disease
continued to ravage the Massachusetts Bay shoreline, wiping out the
native populations by the thousands. Reports from the period indicate
that the epidemic covered an area that spanned from the Kennebec and
Penobscot rivers of southern Maine to the Narragansett Bay of Rhode
Island, with the highest rate of fatalities concentrated around
Boston Harbor and Plymouth Bay.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>16</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span>Sailing along the Massachusetts coast in 1619, Captain Thomas
Dermer described the impact on the region, noting that “ancient
plantations, not long since populous, now [lay] utterly void; in
other places a remnant remains, but not free of sickness.”</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>17</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />What
was it that caused such widespread death and devastation among the
coastal native population during those
three years?</span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5o3wEBoSHwZ8o49n7HXYplC-JGGapHDZilzoGIvqXnz3fYSA3KOJJHnSljyzO3nIPE784dOJhL8LiPrGna-49mafaITkm9IIpFl88uCX2w0iybkovoa8MdvqP7x96M3KWTu3DXID90zfM/s1600/plague2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5o3wEBoSHwZ8o49n7HXYplC-JGGapHDZilzoGIvqXnz3fYSA3KOJJHnSljyzO3nIPE784dOJhL8LiPrGna-49mafaITkm9IIpFl88uCX2w0iybkovoa8MdvqP7x96M3KWTu3DXID90zfM/s1600/plague2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The
Wampanoags called it “The Great Dying”. The early English
colonists referred to it alternately as </span>“Indean fever,” “a
prodigious pestilence,” “a great sickness,” “a sweeping
<span style="font-weight: normal;">mortality</span>,” or else,
simply, “the plague”. According to medical historian Timothy
Bratton, it was a “disease [that] originated in Europe and
represented a classic ‘virgin soil’ encounter between Amerindians
and alien contagion”.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>18</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b> </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">But
it's</span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
actual identity </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">still
remains a mystery.</span><br /><br />What
little is known about the epidemic is based on the accounts of native survivors (conveyed via serious language barrier),
the reports of a few European explorers and missionaries who were present during the
time of outbreak, and the testimonies of the early colonists who
settled the area soon after.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> The accepted facts are that it was a disease that had an extremely high mortality rate and
symptoms included </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">severe
headache, nose bleeding, muscle pains and cramping, yellowing of the
skin, lung congestion, hemorrhaging and lingering pockmarks.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>19</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />Edward
Winslow, who acted as an early delegate between the Pilgrims and
surviving Wampanoag tribesmen, described the disease as being “not
unlike the plague, if not the same.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>20</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">There were certainly
symptoms reported that are consistent with plague infection
(headache, nose bleeds, sub-epidermal hemorrhages), and multiple
contemporary witnesses noted that the native dwellings were over run
by fleas.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>21</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">However,
the case for plague – either bubonic, septicemic or pneumonic –
is unconvincing. For one thing, there were no reports of the
tell-tale “buboes” (swollen lymph nodes) associated with plague
affliction. The Algonquian community structure also lacked the
necessary population density for a plague virus to spread so rapidly
and have such a devastating mortality rate. And finally, the New
England climate is unsuitable for the </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Xenopsylla-cheopis</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
flea, the known carrier of </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Yersinia
pestis</span></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">bacterium.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>22</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />Smallpox
is another strong candidate. The reported pockmarks on the victims
seem to point in this direction. But critics of this theory note that
it was uncommon for adult Europeans (who, through generations of
exposure, had by this time developed some level of resistance) to
contract the smallpox virus, and unlikely that the disease would have
survived a six-week sea voyage made by explorers before running its
course.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>23</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span>Large-scale
migration of European children would not take place for at least
another decade, a factor which contributed heavily to the confirmed
smallpox epidemic that ravaged parts of New England in 1633. Also, in studying the Narragansett language, Roger Williams, founder of the
Rhode Island colony, interviewed survivors of both epidemics who made
a point of distinction between the 1616-19 "plague" and the
1633 "pox" (using two different words in their native
tongue to describe two different forms of disease).</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>24</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />In
his study of the Massachusetts tribe, early colonist Daniel Gookin
notes that he “discoursed with some old Indians [who were in their
youth at the time of the epidemic], who say that the bodies all over
were exceedingly yellow, [and described it] by a yellow garment that
they showed me, both before they died and afterwards.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup><span style="font-size: x-small;">25</span></sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span>This has led to the speculation that perhaps the "plague"
was, in fact, yellow fever. However, this theory has been largely
discounted since the epidemic lasted through the cold New England
winters, which would be impossible for a vector-borne disease.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>26</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />Other
potential maladies that have been raised by medical historians
include </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">hepatitis,
meningitis, </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">typhus,
chickenpox, trichinosis, influenza, and most recently,
leptospirosis.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>27</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">
But as of ye</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">t,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">
all attempts to identify the nature of 1616-19 epidemic remain
inconclusive.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b><br />A
COLONY BUILT ON BONES</b></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span><br />
<blockquote>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">“<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>There
hath, by God's visitation, reigned a wonderful plague [that has
resulted in] the utter destruction, devastation, and depopulation of
that whole territory, so as there is not left […] any that do claim
or challenge any kind of interest therein. We, in our judgment, are
persuaded and satisfied, that the appointed time is come in which
Almighty God, in his great goodness and bounty towards us, and our
people, hath thought fit and determined, that those large and goodly
territories, deserted as it were by their natural inhabitants, should
be possessed and enjoyed by such of our subjects.”</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">
– King James I, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>The Great
Patent of New-England </i></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Whatever
the mysterious coastal disease was, it nearly wiped out the
Algonquian tribes of eastern Massachusetts and southern Maine – and
the English were quick to capitalize on native ruin. European
entrepreneurs had their sights set on the New England coast for
years. There were settlement attempts in the decades prior to the
Mayflower landing, but would-be colonists had always been unable to
secure a foothold in the area due to the hostile native presence.
This would all change following “the miraculous plague” of
1616-19.<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />Sir
Ferdinando Gorges had chartered several of the earlier expeditions to
the region. He knew of the strange epidemic and it's catastrophic
impact on the native population, noting “their vulnerability to
European microbes and power.”</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>28</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Gorges
considered the land up for grabs and, seeing the potential for great
profit, sought a charter for the territory through the newly
formed joint-stock Plymouth Company. Share holders would provide a ship for a wandering sect of radical Protestant-Christian
separatists who sought passage to the New World,</span></span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">under
an agreement that their settlement would belong to the company for
seven years (thereby establishing a stable base of operations for
further colonial ambitions).</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>29</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />The
iconic 1620 Mayflower voyage was a miserable one. After two months at
sea, the Pilgrims reached present-day Cape Cod – sickly, starving
and unprepared for the oncoming winter. Descending on an abandoned
Nauset village like a pack of feral dogs, they </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">ransacked
the homes, fields and graves of the recently deceased inhabitants
looking for food caches.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>30</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">They
found a few bushels of stale corn and sailed on, eventually landing
at what would be claimed as “New Plymouth”. From here they would
endure a harsh winter, losing half their numbers to tuberculosis and
pneumonia. Then, as the ground thawed, the survivors began to explore the eerily quiet area surrounding their new colonial
outpost. They soon discovered that God's guiding hand had brought them to
settle on top of a massive graveyard (“The ground was strewn with
the skulls and bones of thousands of Indians who had died and none
were left to bury them”).</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>31</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />Plymouth's
colonial governor, William Bradford, recorded his initial scouting
expeditions, noting “the good soyle, and the people not many, being
dead and abundantly wasted in the late great mortalitie which fell in
all these parts about three years before the coming of the English,
wherin thousands of em dyed; […] ther sculs and bones were found in
many places lying still above the ground, where their houses and
dwellings had been; a very sad spectackle to behould.“</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>32</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />As
“the chosen people,” the Pilgrims interpreted the macabre
reality around them as celestial design. “Christ (whose great and
glorious workes the Earth throughout are altogether for the benefit
of his Churches and chosen) not only made roome for his people to
plant; but also tamed the hard and cruell hearts of these barbarous
Indians, insomuch that halfe a handfull of his people landing not
long after in Plimouth-Plantation, found little resistance.”</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;">33</a></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b> </b></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b>AFTER THE APOCALYPSE</b></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">“<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>In
their sickness, [they avowed] that the Englishmen’s God was a good
God; and that, if they recovered, they would serve him.” </i>–
John Winthrop (1633)<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br />Depending
on the village, the epidemic is thought to have claimed the lives of
75-90% of the native population – with reports that in several
places all of the former inhabitants had died.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>34</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>
</b></span></span>There were some survivors. But for those who
remained, the psychological trauma of The Great Dying ran deep.
As historian Jill Lepore notes, “a whole village might have two
survivors, and those two survivors were not just like any two people.
They were two people who had seen everyone they know die miserable,
wretched, painful – excruciatingly painful – deaths.”</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>35</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />What remained of the native infrastructure along the coast was
also left in complete ruins, as “economic networks crumbled and trade
routes faltered; political boundaries and military fortunes changed
overnight as the relative strength of tribes fluctuated.”</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>36</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b>
</b>With the added drop in fertility rates among survivors, it would prove
to be impossible for the native population to recover from these
losses.<br /><br />The English settlers had their religious interpretation of the mysterious
pestilence that cleared the land for their arrival, and so did the
surviving Algonquian people. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">The
Wampanoags saw the epidemic as a combination of spiritual forces
working against them. They believed that they had angered their god </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Hobbamock, </span></i><span style="font-weight: normal;">a deity associated with death and disease.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>37</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span> There was also a fear</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> that their kin who fell to the disease and were denied a
dignified burial during the height of the epidemic had cursed the
land.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>38</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Additionally,
they</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
attributed great spiritual power (“manitou”) to the English,
fearing that the epidemic was something that the colonists had
brought with them, manipulated, and could inflict on the native
populations again at will.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>39</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />The fact that the
English appeared to be immune to the deadly affliction only furthered
this fear. According to William Bradford, "by the marvelous
goodness and providence of God, not one of the English was so much
sick or in the least measure taunted with this disease.”</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>40</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b> </b></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />The
Wampanoag population was nearly decimated by the epidemic, but the
survivors still outnumbered the Pilgrims and could have easily wiped
out Plymouth Colony in its infancy. But no attack ever came. Robert Cushman, the Pilgrims' chief agent in London, observed, “[the natives] </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">that
are left, have their courage much abated, and their countenance is
dejected, and they seem as a people affrighted. [E</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">ven
though they] might in one hour have made a dispatch of us, such a
fear was upon them [...] that they never offered us the least injury
in word or deed.”</span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>41</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
It was from these “affrighted” ranks – who were not only
weakened by disease, but also at risk of being overtaken by the
hostile Narragansetts to the south – that a diplomatic mission was
organized by Massasoit, the leader of Wampanoag Confederacy, and
peaceful relations were established with the English settlers.</span></span><br /><br />With the
growth of Plymouth Colony now left unchallenged and an influx of new
European migrants coming to the shores of New England each year
following, the shrouded figure of pestilence would continue to visit
the region's native communities – the “Great Smallpox Epidemic”
of 1633, the “Universal Sickness” of 1645, the “Plague and the
Pox” of 1650-51, and the “Bloody-Flux” of 1652.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>42</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
As each new generation succumbed to disease, traditional culture
became more fractured – and the future outlook more fatalist. </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The
Algonquian tribes held few end time beliefs of their own. In an
attempt to understand the catastrophic impact of “The Great Dying”
(and the epidemics that followed), survivors found resonance in the
eschatological Christian narrative held by the European settlers who
brought the pestilence to their shores.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>43</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /> </span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZH0MPF4GWNwezNosJtKsucMYBKy30bpMOyqxqybHYn3NNhcIQEAacMvF2eko6NjicDSz5VDeW-gjc2cpUAKqC0KItLZJvrmzXBh5SdHadPxtA627oqKXSzc8AdjBUH7v54V6O8AWcXGFU/s1600/plague6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZH0MPF4GWNwezNosJtKsucMYBKy30bpMOyqxqybHYn3NNhcIQEAacMvF2eko6NjicDSz5VDeW-gjc2cpUAKqC0KItLZJvrmzXBh5SdHadPxtA627oqKXSzc8AdjBUH7v54V6O8AWcXGFU/s1600/plague6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Disillusioned
by their traditional belief system, an increasing number of
Algonquian people also began to look to the Christian God for
spiritual guidance. The “severe disruption of their social and
natural worlds gave the Indians an immediate, existential
understanding of the Puritan notion of alienation from God and his
universe” – and they were ready to believe.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>44</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">This
new found faith was readily exploited by Puritans like </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">John
Eliot, a pastor with the first Church of Roxbury who translated
Christian texts into the Massachusetts' language and set up a number
of missionary “Praying Towns”. Among other things, Eliot taught
that traditional prayer and powwows were “[a] worshiping of the
Devil, and not of God, and [...] among the greatest of sins,” for
which misled natives had been punished.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>45</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Trauma-stricken by the mysterious affliction that had brought their
people to the brink of extinction, it was not difficult for the
native converts to accept these Puritanical teachings as spiritual
truths.</span><br /><br />In
addition to subjugation by armed force, religious conversion proved
itself a useful tool for English colonial rule. Eliot hoped to spread
his model of pacification through prayer, stating “the work which
we now have in hand, will be as a patterne and Copie [for other
Indians], to imitate in all the Countrey".</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>46</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">By
the time King Philip's War (the last major native uprising in New England) broke out in 1675, over 1,100 natives
lived in fourteen Praying Towns, and six “Indian churches” –
serving a combined total of 350 baptized members and a praying
population of 2,000 people – existed in eastern Massachusetts.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>47</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />Another
comet would blaze across the sky in 1680, two years after the
catastrophic defeat of King Philip<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">'</span>s native uprising. Reverend Cotton Mather hailed its passing as “a sign in
heaven […] that the Lord [is prepared] to pour down the Cataracts
of his wrath, ere this Generation... is passed away.” It was
compared to the comet of 1618, “which appeared above three score
years ago, [when] God sent the Plague amongst the Natives of this
land [and] cast out the Heathen before this his people, that the way
might thereby be prepared unto our more peaceful settlement here.”
Mather concluded his sermon with a warning to the Christian faithful,
“that we may never provoke [God] to doe unto us, as he hath done
unto them.”</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>48</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: small;">published by</span><b> <a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/the-great-dying-new-englands-coastal-plague-1616-1619/"><span style="font-size: large;">CVLT NATION</span></a></b></span><a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/the-great-dying-new-englands-coastal-plague-1616-1619/"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></b></a><span style="font-size: small;">(July 15, 2014)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/no-gods-no-masters-blasphemy-desecration-and-anticlerical-violence-during-the-spanish-civil-war/"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></a></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span>
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<hr width="80%" />
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="1"><b><br /><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1<span style="color: white;"> </span></span></b></a></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">John Winthrop, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">A Modell of Christian Charity," <b><i>The American Puritans</i></b>, ed. Perry Miller (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956) </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="2" style="color: red;"><b>2 </b></a></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Joseph Ronald D'Argenio, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Building a Pilgrim Utopia: Identity, Security and the Contradiction of Cross-cultural Affairs at New Plymouth, 1620-1640</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">," Thesis and Dissertations, Lehigh University, 2004, </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">37.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red;"><b>3 </b></a></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Thomas Morton, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>New English Canaan </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(Carlisle, MA: Applewood Books, 2011), 20.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red;"><b>4 </b></a></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Billee Hoornbeek, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">An Investigation into the Cause or Causes of the Epidemic Which Decimated the Indian Population of New England, 1616-1619,"</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i>New Hampshire Archeologist</i>, no. 19 (1976-77): 38.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"></a></i></b></b></i></b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>5 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></span></span></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Charles C. Mann, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (New York City: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 54.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b>
</b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b style="color: red;">6 </b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></a></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">Janey Levy, <b><i>The Wampanoag of Massachusetts and Rhode Island</i></b> (New York City: Rosen Publishing, 2005).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>7 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Alyson J. Fink, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Psychological Conquest: Pilgrims, Indians and the Plague of 1616-1618</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">," </span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Thesis (M.A.), University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2008, 18.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="7" style="color: red;"><b>8 </b></a></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Morton, 19.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="8" style="color: red;"><b>9 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Cotton Mather, <b><i>Magnalia Christi Americana: or, The ecclesiastical history of New-England from its first planting in the year 1620 unto the year of Our Lord 1698</i></b> (New York City: Russell & Russell, 1967), 49.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="10" style="color: red;"><b>10 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Thasseus Piotrowski, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>The Indian Heritage of New Hampshire and Northern New England </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2008), 55.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red; font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><b>11 </b></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Billee Hoornbeek, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">An Investigation into the Cause or Causes of the Epidemic Which Decimated the Indian Population of New England, 1616-1619</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">," </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i>New Hampshire Archeologist</i>, no. 19 (1976-77): 38.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>12 </i></b></a></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Gorges Ferdinando, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>A Briefe Narration of the Originall Undertakings of the Advancement of Plantations into the Parts of America </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1837), 19.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>13</i></b></a></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i> </i></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Matthew Kruer, "</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;">A Country Wonderfully Prepared for their Entertainment: The Aftermath of the New England Indian Epidemic of 1616</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">," </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i>Journal of the National Collegiate Honors Council</i> (Spring/Summer 2003): 86.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red;"><b>14 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">Morton, 19.</span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red;"><b>15 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Nathaniel Morton, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>New-England's Memorial</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Boston: Croker & Brewster, 1826), </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">4.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>16 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sherburne F. Cook, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">The Significance of Disease in the Extinction of the New England Indians</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">,"</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;">Human Biology</i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">, vol. 45 no. 3 (September 1973): 489-90.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="15" style="color: red;"><b>17 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Edward T. O'Donnell, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Of Plague and Pilgrims: How a Devastating Epidemic Shaped the First Thanksgiving." Web. </span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">http://inthepastlane.com.</span><span style="color: white;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="16" style="color: red;"><b>18 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Matthew Kruer, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">87.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>19 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">John Marr & John Cathey, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">New Hypothesis for Cause of Epidemic Among Native Americans, New England, 1616-1619</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">," </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Emerging Infectious Diseases</i>, vol. 16, no. 2 (February 2010).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="18" style="color: red;"><b>20 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Edward Winslow, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Good News From New England </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2014),</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 20.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="19" style="color: red;"><b>21<span style="color: white;"> </span></b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Cook, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">"</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The Significance of Disease in the Extinction of the New England Indians</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">," </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">490.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="21" style="color: red;"><b>22</b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span style="color: white;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="20"><b> </b></a></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Kruer, 87.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="21" style="color: red;"><b>23 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Dean Snow & Kim Lanphear, "</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">European Contact and Indian Depopulation in the Northeast: The Timing of the First Epidemics</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">,"</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Ethnohistory</i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, vol. 35, no. 1 (Winter 1988): 26.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="22" style="color: red;"><b>24 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">Roger Williams, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-style: italic;">A Key into the Language of America, or an Help to the Language of the Natives in that Part of America, called New England </b>(Bedford, MA: Applewood Books, 1997)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="23" style="color: red;"><b>25 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">"Historical Collections of the Indians of New England," reprinted in the <i>Massachusetts HIstorical Society Collections</i>, vol. 1: 148.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="24" style="color: red;"><b>26 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Cook, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">"</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The Significance of Disease in the Extinction of the New England Indians</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">," </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">487-89.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="1"><b><span style="color: red;">27 </span></b></a></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Marr & Cathey</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="2" style="color: red;"><b>28 </b></a></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">Neal Salisbury, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Manitou and Providence: Indians, Europeans, and the Making of New England, 1500-1643 </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), 108.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red;"><b>29 </b></a></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kruer, 91-92.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red;"><b>30 </b></a></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">Nathaniel Philbrick, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community and War</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> (New York City: Penguin Books, 2007), 61-62.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"><b>31 </b></a></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Howard Simpson, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Invisible Armies: The Impact of Disease on American History</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1980), 6.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"><b>32 </b></a></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">William Bradford, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>History of Plymouth Plantation, 1620-1647, </b></i><b style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Volume 1 </b><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Charleston: Nabu Press, 2010), 220.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>33 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Edward Johnson, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><b>Wonder-Working Providence</b> </i>(Andover, MA: Warren F. Draper, 1867)</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">41.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="7" style="color: red;"><b>34 </b></a></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">Sherburne F. Cook, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The Indian Population of New England in the Seventeenth Century </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1976), </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">31.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="8" style="color: red;"><b>35 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;">"We Shall Remain: After the Mayflower</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">," Documentary film, <i>American Experience</i>, http://pbs.org.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="10" style="color: red;"><b>36 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Kruer, 85.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red;"><b>37 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Peter Tower, </span></span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Hockomock: Place Where the Spirits Dwell</i></b><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> (Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing Ltd, 2014), 62.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red;"><b>38 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ian K. Steele & Nancy L. Roden, </span></span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>The Human Tradition in Colonial America</i></b><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, (Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield Publishers, 1999),</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> 28.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>39 </i></b></a></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">Neal Salisbury, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Religious Encounters in a Colonial Context: New England and New France in the Seventeenth Century,"</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <i>American Indian Quarterly</i>, vol. 16, no. 4 (Autumn 1992): 50.</span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">2</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>40 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Bradford, 254.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red;"><b>41 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">O'Donnell.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red;"><b>42 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Roger L. Nichols, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>The American Indian: Past and Present </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma, 2008), 40.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>43 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">Craig White, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Cross-Cultural Apocalypse in the Contact Generation of Native America and New England</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">," </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Journal of Millennial Studies</i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> (Winter 2000): 2.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="15" style="color: red;"><b>44 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">Neal Salisbury, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Red Puritans: The "Praying Indians" of Massachusetts Bay and John Eliot</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> (Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2013), 50-51.</span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="16" style="color: red;"><b>45 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">D'Argenio,</span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> 42.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>46 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Henry Whitfield, </span></span></span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b>Strength out of Weaknesse; Or a Glorious Manifestation of the Further Progresse of the Gospel among the Indians in New-England </b></i></span></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(New York: Joseph Sabin, 1865), 171.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="18" style="color: red;"><b>47 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Robert James Naeher, "</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Dialogue in the Wilderness: John Eliot and the Indian Exploration of Puritanism as a Source of Meaning, Comfort, and Ethnic Survival</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">,"<b> </b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>The New England Quarterly</i>, vol. 62, no. 3 (September 1989): 346. </span></span><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><i><i><i><i><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><i> </i></span></span></i></i></i></i></i></i></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="19" style="color: red;"><b>48 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cotton Mather, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i style="font-weight: bold;">Heaven's Alarm to the World </i>(1681).</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><br />
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Mark Laskeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09221596829655982430noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4460192715541619034.post-63635814050343070662014-01-14T13:15:00.000-08:002018-08-29T12:52:55.287-07:00No Gods, No Masters<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-size: x-large;">Blasphemy, Desecration and Anticlerical Violence During the Spanish Civil War </span></span></span></span></b></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>"If
God existed, only in one way could he serve human liberty</i></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i> </i>–</span></span></span> by
ceasing to exist." </i>– Mikhail Bakunin, <i>God and the State</i></span></span></span></blockquote>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQOo2eQHVmVXCHmcLXC0J7YqhqM8FLw081dHEc2l01V48Lb9UBxb-lHxY13Y0Dbp-yEDlVDxsmeckaLR6taH8ETdl6YJ8Lc4kHawnvrKu5aHJjaOkApSXNlLztbGmQ7pO5M2nOpw9C5QHI/s1600/spanish3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQOo2eQHVmVXCHmcLXC0J7YqhqM8FLw081dHEc2l01V48Lb9UBxb-lHxY13Y0Dbp-yEDlVDxsmeckaLR6taH8ETdl6YJ8Lc4kHawnvrKu5aHJjaOkApSXNlLztbGmQ7pO5M2nOpw9C5QHI/s320/spanish3.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Claimed
as “the greatest clerical bloodletting Europe has ever seen,”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>1</sup></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">
the early days of the Spanish Civil War saw nearly 7,000 members of the
Catholic clergy systematically executed</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
as</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> hundreds of churches,
convents and monasteries were burnt to the ground. Religious icons
were profaned, the tombs of saints
desecrated, and "public acts of unspeakable blasphemy” were
performed to the approval of jubilant crowds.<br /><br />While
much of the outside world was shocked by the
anti-religious “red terror” that swept over the country, in
reality these iconoclastic acts were the culmination of nearly <span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">five hundred</span> years of popular resent. The Catholic Church was seen by many as a fundamentally corrupt institution, which served the interests of the rich and powerful while keeping the poor in moral servitude. Militant anticlericalism became widespread,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>2</sup></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> and with the
revolutionary floodgates opened by civil war there was no holding back the popular fervor to “reclaim
the soul of Spain" from this centuries-old theocratic grip.</span></span></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b><br />THE <span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">TYRANNY OF THE</span>OCRACY</b></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>"We
live in such difficult times that it is dangerous either to speak or
be silent."</i></span></span></span> <span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">– Juan Luis Vives, Valencian humanist and
philosopher, 1534</span></blockquote>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg10myfckUa92i66VivMFqshxhqUsEO-Edb9Mkt2wBJXCqb4yywG_ToYcLqa-M4FhsQ1iIKBW3HO62-SH62Yg3FxNRauuLmF4D4-NW_MXdWzDAiZb9HkNzdyQYIeuwNRP4egAYE40tQdOV/s1600/spanish+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg10myfckUa92i66VivMFqshxhqUsEO-Edb9Mkt2wBJXCqb4yywG_ToYcLqa-M4FhsQ1iIKBW3HO62-SH62Yg3FxNRauuLmF4D4-NW_MXdWzDAiZb9HkNzdyQYIeuwNRP4egAYE40tQdOV/s320/spanish+6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Since the Iber<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">ian Visagoths first converted to Christianity in the late sixth-century, the religion has <span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">played a central role in shaping</span> the political landscape of the Spanish region. A</span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">s the </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Moorish kingdoms</span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> in the south were <span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">conquered</span> during the 'Reconquista' period, the power of the Holy Roman Church was <span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">consolidated throughout the Iberian peninsula</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. Indeed, the newly established
Spanish kingdom was considered to be the perfect Christian
State (“chosen by God”) because it was ruled by the most pure
form of Catholicism in all of Europe</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>3</sup></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> As can be
expected, anticlerical attitudes were widespread among the heavily
taxed and regulated lower classes, with hostilities periodically
boiling over into violent acts of rebellion – often directed
against Church property and officials.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>4</sup></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />In 1478,
the </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span lang="es-ES"><i>Tribunal
del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span lang="es-ES">
(aka 'The Spanish Inquisition') </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">was
established by the Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II and
Isabella I. This new institution replaced the Medieval
Inquisition, which was under Roman Papal control, and enforced a
strict nationalist Catholic orthodoxy across the recently unified
Spanish kingdom. Unlike elsewhere in Europe, where the Inquisition
operated relatively independent of the state, Spain was unique in how
closely the machinery of religious terror was tied to the ruling
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">monarchy, "merg[ing] itself into the existing power structures,
and gain[ing] the collaboration of local elites, who were happy to
accept honorary posts (as 'familiars') in the tribunal”.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup><span style="color: red;">5 </span></sup></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">In time the Inquisition developed into something of a secret police force, tasked with the elimination of internal threats to the theocratic Spanish state.<br /><br />In the
eastern provinces of Catalonia, Aragon, and Valencia – where some
of the heaviest concentrations of anticlerical violence would take place
during the Spanish Civil War – the Inquisition was always a
despised institution.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
In fact, the Catalan resistance became so widespread that fearful inquisitors complained: “In this province, they bear ill-will to
the tribunal of the Holy Office and would destroy it if they could.”
In 1574, an Inquisition official narrowly escaped lynching by the
people of the Vall d'Aran, in the Catalan Pyrenees.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>6</sup></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> And
in neighboring Aragon, Father Pedro Arbues, the chief inquisitor of
the kingdom, was stabbed to death at a cathedral altar as he knelt in
prayer.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>7</sup></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />However,
on the whole, resistance proved futile. For over three-hundred years,
the Spanish people was subjected to a nightmare existence of
paranoia, censorship, persecution, imprisonment, torture and death.
The main victims were Jews, followed by Muslims, Protestants, and
“heretics” of various distinction. But the oppressive chill was
felt throughout all levels of Spanish society, both in the public and
private spheres: “No offense against moral order was too trivial to
escape the attention of the Spanish Inquisition. A quarrel between
congregants during a Sunday mass, a curse uttered during a game of
dice, a flirtatious remark offered to a young woman during a
religious procession, the eating of meat on a Friday, and the failure
to attend church services were all the subject of inquisitional
proceedings”.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>8</sup></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />In
addition to maintaining strict religious regimentation, the
Inquisition was also a powerful tool of the Spanish monarchy for
suppressing political opposition and public dissent </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i> </i>– a</span></span></span>nd in its later
years, during the Catholic Counter Reformation, the vast
inquisitional terror networks provided “anti-modernist” shock
troops in the culture war against the Enlightenment values that were
beginning to creep into the country. Any semblance of secular
education, social and scientific progress, representative democracy,
women's rights, religious toleration or humanist ideals was ruthlessly crushed under
the foot of harsh Catholic traditionalism.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>9</sup></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />Spain's long nightmare came to an end in 1834, when the institution was formally abolished by royal decree. It's estimated that as many as 30,000 people were executed during
the Spanish Inquisition. Another 17,000 people were burned in effigy,
and nearly 300,000 “penanced” in various other ways.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>10</sup></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> The
psychological scars left behind by this dark chapter in Spanish
history ran deep, and would not be soon forgotten.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br /><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>FEAR
GIVES WAY TO ANGER</b></span></span></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br />“<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>Being
a priest or a monk is all that is required in order to rape and kill
almost with impunity.” </i></span>– <span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Rodrigo
Soriano, deputy from the republican Radical Party</span></span></span></blockquote>
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4NQpWMhTp9Pu0xqOcd25HMXVK3v0KR2Nl8deKmpEQChm4SGHy6-uYECeJ3mOkTdIclHr3dOsmlA9A38TMav-ntISUwm-qxG4cXtb0nUV-DhYQJuRDPJQkOMn4MacvA0TY0hXNC1ikHE7I/s1600/spanish8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4NQpWMhTp9Pu0xqOcd25HMXVK3v0KR2Nl8deKmpEQChm4SGHy6-uYECeJ3mOkTdIclHr3dOsmlA9A38TMav-ntISUwm-qxG4cXtb0nUV-DhYQJuRDPJQkOMn4MacvA0TY0hXNC1ikHE7I/s320/spanish8.jpg" width="320" /></a> <span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The
Spanish Inquisition was formally abolished in 1834, its final years
marked by violent challenges from a newly emboldened populace.
Throughout the 18</span><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">th</span></sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">
century, disputes over rent and tax collection led to regular
outbursts and occasional uprisings in the rural areas of the country.
This natural peasant antagonism towards the Church (who often acted
as both landlord and local authority) would find coherence in the
anticlerical ideas that flooded into the country during the
Napoleonic invasions of 1808-14.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>11</sup></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />When the
liberal revolution of 1820 broke out, the Catholic Church was temporarily stripped of many of its privileges. A wave of
p</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">opular
anticlericalism swept through the streets as urban mobs chanted
“Death To The Friars!” and attacked religious institutions. In
response, monks and priests began organizing guerrilla bands to carry
out terrorist attacks against the new regime.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>12</sup></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> Over
a decade later, social tensions unleashed by the First Carlist War
exploded in a new round of anticlerical mob violence. During the
summer of 1834, crowds of people stoned monasteries in Barcelona
during public demonstrations</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>13</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
and </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">rioting mobs left
seventy-eight Jesuits, Franciscans, Dominicans, and Mercedarians dead
and their residences destroyed in Madrid.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>14</sup></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />In
one deadly incident, an angry mob shouted blasphemies as they stormed
the Saint Ignatius Seminary: “When the young Father Sauri opened
the door, demanding to know what they wanted, someone in the mob
shouted “We want your blood, dog!” The furious crowd entered the
huge building and hunted down the occupants one by one. Father Sauri
was stabbed by men, mutilated by women, and dragged by children to
the Plaza de San Mill</span></span><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">á</span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">n.”</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>15</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />Spain's
Catholic oligarchy had been left shaken by the mob violence and
liberal secularizing attempts of the mid-nineteenth century, but in
1874 it once again enjoyed institutional protection under the corrupt
Restoration Monarchy: “The Church relied on the regime – whose
formal constitutionalism belied the violent mistreatment which
Spain’s rural and urban poor endured at the hands of the state
security forces – in order to defend and augment its political,
economic and cultural power. In these circumstances, religious
personnel became the guarantors of a rigidly hierarchical social and
cultural order. Correspondingly, many workers [saw] the institution
as the brutal ideological backbone of a political system which
excluded and oppressed them, and as the ally of a state which
intruded with growing intensity into their private lives.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>16</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />It was
during this period that a militant, almost apocalyptic, form of
anarchism began to take hold among large sections of the urban
working class and landless rural peasantry – further radicalizing the
already popular culture of anticlericalism among Spain's poor. Both
Church and State were considered to be “one single tyranny... the
leeching mouth of a vampire which lives off the blood of the people”
that needed to be violently overthrown, and from this purifying
catharsis of revolution a free and egalitarian future society would
be born.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>17</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
<br /><br />It wouldn't take long before the fiery anticlerical rhetoric
of the anarchists was backed by militant deeds.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;"><br /></span><br /><b>THE
BATTLE LINES ARE DRAWN</b></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">“<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>It
is clear that nowadays hatred toward the Church runs deeper than
hatred towards capitalism.”</i> – Canon Maximiliano Arboleya, social-liberal Catholic leader quoted during the Asturias Uprising,
October 1934</span></span></span></blockquote>
</div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />In
1896, a bomb was tossed at the Corpus Christi Day procession in
Barcelona on Easter Sunday, killing six people and seriously wounding
another forty-five.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>18</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">In
the aftermath of the bombing,</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">martial
law was declared and a period of severe repression swept over Spain
as hundreds of anarchists, labor activists and radical sympathizers
were jailed and brutally tortured in the Montjuich fortress. As news of these tortures spread, anticlerical riots
broke out in Cadiz, Saragossa, Valencia and other towns.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>19</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">This
bitter animosity continued as large anticlerical demonstrations took
place against the Jubilee of Christ the Redeemer celebrations around the country in 1901. Catholic processions were disrupted
by protesters armed with clubs, and the windows of churches,
convents, Catholic schools and seminaries were smashed.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>20</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />In
July 1909, a week of draft riots broke out in Barcelona following the
forced enlistment of reserve units to fight in the North African
colonies. Angry mobs implicated the Church alongside the political
elites and</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> attacked religious
institutions. Nearly half of the city's church buildings were burned,
tombs and religious icons were profaned, and three priests were
killed.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>21</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Commonly
r</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">eferred to as “The
Tragic Week” (and “The Week of Glory” by the radical press of
the time), “the streets of Barcelona hosted a clash between two
different outlooks on life: on one side, the old world, the Church,
classist education, the old order, what progressives called
“superstition”; and, on the opposite side of the barricades, the
anarchist idea, free thought, the emerging status and independence of
women, secularism, reason and Darwinism.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>22</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />The next
decade was one of violent class conflict, marked by regular cycles of
resistance and repression. Amidst this antagonistic social backdrop,
the Catholic clergy sided directly with ruling class
interests, often providing strikebreakers when needed and even
organizing some of the right-wing terror squads that operated in the
countryside (Juan Soldevilla y Romero, the ultra-reactionary Cardinal
Archbishop of Saragossa, was murdered by anarchists in revenge for
his role in financing and recruiting assassins to gun down union
organizers during this period</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>23</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">).
<br /><br />This general state of lawlessness lead to the military coup of General Miguel Primo de Rivera in September 1923.
Martial law was declared, t</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">he
constitution suspended, labor unions suppressed, political opponents
jailed, and a strict system of censorship was imposed. The coup was
backed by King Alfonso XIII and his “traditionalist” supporters
in the military and Catholic Church – establishing an alliance that
would unite with other fascist and reactionary forces under Francisco
Franco during the Spanish Civil War</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>24</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
dictatorship</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
l</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">asted until January
1930, when the unpopular Primo de Rivera was asked to step down by
the king who hoped to reestablish political normality under a
constitutional monarchy. </span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span>National elections were soon held and the
Second Spanish Republic was established on April 14, 1931. A new era
of social, political and economic modernization had begun, and to
affirm this climate of progressive change, Manuel </span><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Azaña</span></span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">
Díaz, the left-Republican prime minister, declared in his first
public speech that “Spain has ceased to be Catholic!” to roaring
applause.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>25</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">
For republican reformers, “the powerful, doctrinally and
politically ultra-conservative Spanish Catholic Church was the
principal obstacle to modernization, [and they] made clear their
intention to take secularizing measures to limit the Church's
economic strength and political influence, and to break its cultural
power.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>26</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">An
alarmed Cardinal Pedro Segura, the Primate of Spain, responded by
urging Catholics to vote against the new republican government in all
future elections and to support the far-right opposition “in
defense of the Church”. The battle lines had been reaffirmed, and
as Catholic forces were being mobilized against the Republic, popular
anticlerical attitudes were being hardened. All that was needed was a
spark to ignite the country's resent in explosive violence.</span></span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs-HK0r_8S_h2q3VU17rZApxnXknGNf1lXhaPnXob6_JyPDTE2Zih3yIVPIjlLWsXSYwaDFdI3A7MHu7EjchPSPbyUNoVXUQiWawfxFiprH3ohyphenhyphen98QthkXzz9CfCbUpj8iyni4-eGeFoB3/s1600/spanish4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgs-HK0r_8S_h2q3VU17rZApxnXknGNf1lXhaPnXob6_JyPDTE2Zih3yIVPIjlLWsXSYwaDFdI3A7MHu7EjchPSPbyUNoVXUQiWawfxFiprH3ohyphenhyphen98QthkXzz9CfCbUpj8iyni4-eGeFoB3/s320/spanish4.jpg" width="237" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">That
spark was provided when provocateurs played monarchist
anthems in the streets of Madrid to protest the new republic. In
response, widespread rioting broke out for three days and, once
again, the Church became a focal point for popular anger. As the
social unrest spread across Spain, hundreds of convents, churches,
Catholic schools and other religious buildings were torched – an
event infamously known as “La Quema de Conventos” (The Burning of
the Convents).</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>27</sup></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />Despite
the progressive reforms and concessions made by the new Republican
government</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">, the
political landscape of Spain was radically polarized during this
period – with challenges from both the far Left and Right. The
situation only got worse after the 1933 electoral victories for a
number of ultra-conservative
obstructionists, who now controlled nearly half the parliamentary
seats. A series of labor strikes spread across the country, and the
province of Asturias erupted in open insurrection the following year.
Police and army barracks were raided as armed miners took control of
a number of towns in what was dubbed as “The Asturias Uprising”.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>28</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">
It wouldn't take long for old scores to be settled in these newly
liberated areas: thirty-four priests, seminarians and brothers from
the Escuclas Cristianas in Turón, Granada, were executed.
Additionally, fifty-eight churches, the bishop's palace, a seminary,
and the </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span lang="es-ES"><span style="font-style: normal;">Cámara
Santa</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span lang="es-ES"><i>
</i></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">cathedral in Oviedo
were all either blown up or burnt to the ground. The level of
ferocity against the Church hadn't reached this level since the
anticlerical riots of a hundred years earlier.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>29</sup></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />The
uprising was eventually put down, with 3,000 miners killed and
another 35,000 taken prisoner (in many cases the prisons and holding
centers were religious buildings, such as the Adoration Sisters’
convent in Oviedo and others in Sama and Ciano</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>30</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">)
during the wave of repression that followed. Attempts were made to
restore public order in Spain, but the gears of civil war were
already motion.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small;"><br /></span><br /><b>CHURCHES
BURN AS THE NATION BLEEDS</b></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">“<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>We
have rounded up all the priests and parasites... we have lit our
torches and applied the purifying fire to all the churches... and we
have covered the countryside and purified it of the plague of
religion.”</i> – <span style="font-style: normal;">Solidaridad
Obrera, </span>anarchist newspaper, August 20, 1936</span></span></span></blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNEGtboUNf7SuMMdg8kGKokC_0WHHtNk7va2ZDD9M6zBJcHO7aAUkjl02Hutr61mNR-jlIE0TtDhyphenhyphen2DuivIKrcQ7Bf68ti4JeWAlGn63uW-bXVJFbus050HaCDyG2LzS0sXDryFX9Mwmaz/s1600/spanish7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNEGtboUNf7SuMMdg8kGKokC_0WHHtNk7va2ZDD9M6zBJcHO7aAUkjl02Hutr61mNR-jlIE0TtDhyphenhyphen2DuivIKrcQ7Bf68ti4JeWAlGn63uW-bXVJFbus050HaCDyG2LzS0sXDryFX9Mwmaz/s320/spanish7.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">On July
17, 1936, General Francisco Franco launched a fascist coup against
the democratically elected Republican government. The coup was met by
the combined resistance of government forces still loyal to the
Republic and armed anarchist and socialist workers who put down
Francoist forces in Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Bilbao, and Málaga.
The country was fractured and divided in its support, descending into
a bloody three-year civil war that would devastate Spain and claim
hundreds of thousands of lives.<br /><br />Beyond
the right-wing military units and ultra-conservative political groups
who joined his coup, Franco also had the strong backing of the
Catholic Church. Priests preached hatred against “the reds” from
their pulpits, blessed Franco's troops and some even adopted the
fascist salute. In a public declaration, Enrique Pla y Deniel, the
Bishop of Salamanca, referred to the military uprising as </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">“a
Crusade against the children of Cain... a Crusade for religion, for
the fatherland, for civilization”.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>31</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />The feelings were mutual, and with war
declared there was no holding back the bitter feelings towards the
Church held by the thousands of radicalized workers who took to the
streets </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> – </span></span></span></span></span>and were now armed. Following the failed Francoist
rebellion attempts in Republican stronghold areas, members of local
militias methodically executed clergy members and destroyed church
property.<br /><br />The wave
of clergy killings touched off by the civil war was staggering, even
by Spanish standards.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">According
to the most accurate estimates, 6,832 </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">members
of the Catholic Church were killed during the Spanish Civil War, a
majority during the first two months of fighting. This included 13
bishops, 4,172 diocesan priests and seminarians, 2,364 monks and
friars, and 283 nuns.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>32</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">
The majority of these killings were collective in nature, with groups
of clergy members rounded up and publicly executed. This wasn't just
a matter of personal prejudice or revenge, but a passionate
expression of social revolutionary vengeance inspired by centuries of
hatred towards the Church. In fact, these feelings were so extreme
that even after death the bodies of clergy members were subjected to public
mockery and mutilation, or else dragged through the streets. In one example,
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">“[the]
parish priest's body was 'shamefully mutilated,' dragged through the
city [of Murcia] and finally hoisted up the bell tower of his own
church, where it went up in flames with the rest of the building.”</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>33</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />Given
the frenzied nature of the anti-religious mob violence (which at times included overt sexual
transgressions, such as the public stripping and mockery – and in
extreme cases, castration – of priests), it is interesting to note
that there is not one single documented instance of rape perpetrated
against any nuns during this period. In a report from Madrid’s
Diocesan Archive on the civil war experiences of Ciempozuelos’
Oblate nuns:</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
“Though the nuns were threatened frequently by the committee and
the militiamen, they were not molested physically at all.” In fact, across the entire republican
zone, ninety-seven percent of the victims of anticlerical violence
were men.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>34</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />However,
morality only went so far in this emotionally charged social climate.
Swept up by anticlerical passions, acts of desecration soon became
more and more extreme. In a carnivalesque celebration of the
macabre, tombs were opened and church graveyards dug up as the
remains of saints, priests, and nuns were exhumed and profaned in the
streets of Barcelona, Madrid, Toledo, Valencia, and Almeria. <br /></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyPZ6HZfa7A2HuGV4b0V66wDS83IiqJedGMx-_q1Dm9DszMM_8yuOL7GYnntEUvxwSlYw8z6qBw_hy2mtQ_Fkr-gpaqYZSDWWrtLA8E2hopg3WoKc9k-wh8i7LCvqo1WGUtD6t3OUpfwJj/s1600/16c6a3b7422c8c5c4c6b1a647948feba.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyPZ6HZfa7A2HuGV4b0V66wDS83IiqJedGMx-_q1Dm9DszMM_8yuOL7GYnntEUvxwSlYw8z6qBw_hy2mtQ_Fkr-gpaqYZSDWWrtLA8E2hopg3WoKc9k-wh8i7LCvqo1WGUtD6t3OUpfwJj/s320/16c6a3b7422c8c5c4c6b1a647948feba.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">In
the famous Romanesque monastery of Ripoll, "the sepulchers [were]
destroyed, among them that of Wilfredo</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">
</span></span><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">el
Velloso</span></span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">, the
conqueror of Catalonia, and that of Bishop Morgades, the restorer of
the famous abbey. In Vich, the tomb of the great Balmes was profaned,
and people have played football with the skull of the great Bishop
Torras y Bagés.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>35</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span> Further
incidents took place in Toledo, at the Church of San Miguel, where
disinterred corpses were displayed on the central altar, and Madrid,
where skulls were placed on the altar of Carmelite Church. In the
most notorious incident, the bodies of nineteen Silesian nuns were
exhumed and exhibited in Barcelona, “flanking the doors of the
church and spilling out onto the street. Here they remained for three
days, during which time more than forty thousand people filed past
them, sometimes silent but more often jeering.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>36</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />These
acts of postmortem desecration, as bizarre as they seem, were
considered by anticlerical participants to be "a bold defiance
of religious taboos” that challenged the power of the Church and
“exposed the mystery and occult forces of Catholicism as powerless
in the face of irreligious attack."</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>37<br /></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqakvMHifnv_dsaL21EU5UBdWjDVOEG19vySvoIAT5jLbuLGXzwdKX-p6thsCf_MFqHbwsgpBRD8sJ8_FraYKWTlkClwpY6IG8FxT7GE_Z8UnglItEKj5gQF7bo8ishO8ZC6gi9piwl8zs/s1600/spanish2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqakvMHifnv_dsaL21EU5UBdWjDVOEG19vySvoIAT5jLbuLGXzwdKX-p6thsCf_MFqHbwsgpBRD8sJ8_FraYKWTlkClwpY6IG8FxT7GE_Z8UnglItEKj5gQF7bo8ishO8ZC6gi9piwl8zs/s320/spanish2.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">In
addition to widespread violence against religious personnel, both
living and dead, there was also a systematic campaign of destruction
against church property unleashed by the revolutionary fervor.
C<span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">hurches
were set ablaze, shrines were defaced, statues destroyed, treasures
looted, and religious art became kindling for the nightly bonfires.
</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">This ritual
destruction was seen as an assault on the public presence of Catholicism
and the emotional power it still held over the population. According
to Father Antonio Montero Moreno, in his study of religious
persecution during the Spanish Civil War, it was this material
destruction of 'the sacred' that unveiled “a rage against the
religious world far more significant than if the killed are men of
flesh and bone.”</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>38</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />After
the dust had settled, it had been estimated that 150 churches and
cathedrals were completely devastated during this period, with
another 4,850 severely damaged (of which 1,850 were considered “more
than half destroyed”).</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>39</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">In
a euphoric report from the Republican front lines, the anarchist
newspaper </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>Solidaridad Obrera
</i></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">proclaimed</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">:
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">“Catholic
dens no longer exist. The people's torches have reduced them to
ashes. In their place, a free spirit will be born, which will have
nothing to do with the masochism that was nurtured in cathedrals.”</span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>40</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />A
typical church burning during the early days of the Spanish Civil War
is described: “On August 10, 1936, […] a crowd of 200 to 300
leftist radicals gathered in front of Aracena's [in Andalusia] 16</span><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">th</span></sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">
century parish church of Santa Maria de la Asunci</span><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ó</span></span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">n.
[They] entered the sanctuary and began to strip the walls, altars,
chapels, and treasuries of their images, paintings, chalices,
crucifixes, and other furnishings. […] All of these objects were
gathered into a great pile in the center of the church and set
ablaze. As the flames rose, dynamite charges exploded. Although the
weakened stone walls did not collapse, the whole edifice was gutted.
In succession, the other churches and chapels of the town met the
same fate.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>41</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br /><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">T</span>he
burning of churches provided an ideal means for the newly empowered
lower classes to intimidate the conservative gentry and demonstrate
their control over the town, <span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">p</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">articularly in rural areas</span></span></span>. For generations the local elites had
donated the paintings, images and other furnishings to local
churches, and thought of themselves as the patrons and guardians of
these artistic treasures. To sack these “houses of the rich” and
destroy the most visible representation of the ruling class's
cultural and political values was a humiliating act, demonstrating
vulnerability and impotence, which served as a powerful form of
psychological warfare.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>42</sup></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />Churches
that weren't completely destroyed were gutted of Catholic symbols and
transformed into political headquarters, schools, theaters, popular
kitchens, barracks and hospitals.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>43</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Even confessional booths found new and creative uses, as militiamen
moved the cubicles “which once collected whispered secrets” from
churches to central plazas and other public places. The booths were
used as sentry boxes, newspaper kiosks, and – in the instance of
the confessional booth taken from Madrid's Convent of the Sacred
Hearts – a hen house.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>44</sup></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />Other
symbols of the Catholic faith were also publicly attacked by
the anticlerical mobs.</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b>
</b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Statues and plaques
dedicated to the 'Sacred Heart of Jesus' in particular had long been
an object of hatred for Spaniards. The Cult of the Sacred Heart goes
back to the time of Bernardo Francisco de Hoyos, the Jesuit priest
who claimed to have a vision in 1733 where Christ declared: "I
shall reign in Spain and with more reverence than elsewhere."
The mythos of the Sacred Heart became popular among Catholic
absolutists, symbolizing this “great promise” of a totalitarian
Christian State in Spain.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup><b>45</b></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">In the
days following the outbreak of civil war, the colossal Sacred Heart
of Jesus statue in Aranjuez, just outside of Madrid, was torn down
using ropes and a mule-cart. When the statue hit the ground and
shattered, the head was seized and thrown into the river. In Almeria,
local militiamen blew up the Sacred Heart monument in the town
square. Elsewhere in Spain, images of the Sacred Heart were burned,
smashed with pickaxes, hurled from balconies and publicly 'executed'
by firing squad.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>46<br /></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSY_S9xO3HMD-7xj_NZ3HXNb-N8ARmCyzp2vuFf_J3m6f0gwzzL3TxRcTXnCBKVjRl4jm-16CC2P8t8UqrdArjJt-iViJbauGByvSfvmXka2uQ8Xt9CQrmIwpFZwCYZjJK4FmhXU37Svka/s1600/spanish5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSY_S9xO3HMD-7xj_NZ3HXNb-N8ARmCyzp2vuFf_J3m6f0gwzzL3TxRcTXnCBKVjRl4jm-16CC2P8t8UqrdArjJt-iViJbauGByvSfvmXka2uQ8Xt9CQrmIwpFZwCYZjJK4FmhXU37Svka/s320/spanish5.jpg" width="213" /></a></span></span></span></span></span>Public
blasphemy and mock religious events took place in the Republican
controlled areas as well. In the town of Ciempozuelos, near Madrid,
right-wing sympathizers were forced to march in “Catholic
procession” while armed revolutionaries, dressed in priestly robes,
sang obscene parodies of religious hymns on the feast day of Our Lady
of Consolation.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>47</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b> </b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">There
was also reportedly mock weddings performed in Ciudad Real with the
city's prostitutes, followed by mock processions with all their
sacred trappings. In Alca</span></span><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">ñ</span></span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">iz,
a town famous for its Holy Week events, people organized a parody
Lamentation of Christ procession. And in Calanda, a group of local
elites were forced to carry the image of the Virgin of
the Column through jeering crowds to the town's bullring, where it
was destroyed.</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>48</sup></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />As the revolution progressed, militant secularization efforts
advanced throughout the liberated areas and swept aside <i>anything</i>
associated with the Church: </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">“Anything
– whether institutions, streets, villages or geographical features
– named after a priest or saint was apt to be renamed: in Catalonia
alone, more than 100 villages whose names began with “Sant” or
“Santa” were renamed. […] One could not even say goodbye using
the conventional expression</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>
adiós </i></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">(“with
God”), since the revolutionaries corrected anyone adhering to old
habits by reminding them that 'there was no more God in heaven'.”</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>49</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span><br /><b>CONCLUSION</b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">
</span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />Spain
eventually fell to Franco's Nationalist alliance (which was backed by
the German Nazis, Italian fascists and the Holy Roman Catholic Church
by the end of the war) when the last of the Republican forces
surrendered on April 1, 1939. Pope Pius XII was one of the first to
send the victorious Franco a congratulatory message. In it he singled
Spain out as “a nation historically chosen by God to spread the
message to the New World and as an invincible bulwark of the faith,”
which provided </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">“the
clearest proof that, above everything else, the eternal values of
religion and the soul still survive.”</span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>50</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>
</b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">With
the blessing of the Church, over 50,000 people would be rounded up
and executed under Franco's “White Terror” campaign between
1939-1946 (with many more imprisoned or sent into exile).</span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup><b>51</b></sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><b> </b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">A new Spanish Inquisition had begun.<br /><br />In
the aftermath, “churches and public spaces all over Spain were
filled with commemorations of the victors, with memorial plaques for
those who had “fallen for God and for the Fatherland,” while a
veil was cast over the 'cleansing' in the name of God carried out by
the pious and people of order.” The memory of murdered religious
martyrs enhanced the Church's influence, “and by doing so,
eliminated the last vestiges of sympathy for the vanquished that
there might have been, heightening the clergy's thirst for revenge
for many years to come.”</span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>52</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />But
for a brief moment in Spanish history, the reactionary grip of the
Catholic Church was broken in large areas of the country and the mystique of religion shattered by the cathartic violence of anticlerical militants. It was a true<i> </i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></i></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">
iconoclasm, in every sense of the word, "since not only did it entail the actual annihilation of
the clergy, of temples and devotional objects, but also through the
destruction of holy 'icons' – whether living icons such as priests
and clerics, or inanimate ones such as paintings and statues –
unbelievers proved to believers (and themselves) the impotence of the
Catholic God, his idols and representatives and the very
non-existence of the sacred sphere.”</span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><sup>53</sup></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><span style="font-size: small;">published by</span> </span><b><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://%20www.cvltnation.com/no-gods-no-masters-blasphemy-desecration-and-anticlerical-violence-during-the-spanish-civil-war/">CVLT NATION</a> </span></b><span style="font-size: small;">(June 10, 2014)</span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/no-gods-no-masters-blasphemy-desecration-and-anticlerical-violence-during-the-spanish-civil-war/"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></a></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<br />
<hr width="80%" />
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="1"><b><br /><span style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1 </span></b></a></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black;">Jose M.Sànchez, </span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><b style="color: white;"><i>The Spanish Civil War as Religious Tragedy</i></b><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> (Notre Dame, IN: University of Norte Dame Press, 1987),</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> 8.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="2" style="color: red;"><b>2 </b></a></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Roderick Kedward, </span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i>The Anarchists: The Men Who Shocked an Era</i></b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Winter Park, FL: American Heritage Press, 1971), </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">68.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red;"><b>3 </b></a></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">James Maxwell Anderson, </span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Daily Life During the Spanish Inquisition</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 2002), </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">47.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><span style="background-color: black; color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4"><span style="color: red;">4</span></a> </span></b></b></i></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">Maria Thomas. "</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The Faith and the Fury: The Construction of Anticlerical Collective Identities in Spain,1874–1931</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">," </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><i>European History Quarterly</i>, vol. 43 no. 1 (</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">January 2013):</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"> 75.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"></a></i></b></b></i></b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>5 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></span></span></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Henry Kamen, </span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999),</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> 81.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b>
</b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>6 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Kamen,</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"> 81-82.</span></span><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>7 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Joseph Pérez, </span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>The Spanish Inquisition: A History </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), 33.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="7" style="color: red;"><b>8 </b></a></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Jonathan Kirsch, </span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>The Grand Inquisitor's Manual: A History of Terror in the Name of God </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(San Francisco: HarperOne, 2009), 187-188.</span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="8" style="color: red;"><b>9 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="color: white;">Kirsch, 186.</span><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="10" style="color: red;"><b>10 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">Kirsch, 202.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red;"><b>11 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Timothy Mitchell, </span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Betrayal of the Innocents: Desire, Power, and the Catholic Church in Spain</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">32.</span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>12 </i></b></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">Mitchell, 33.</span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>13</i></b></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i> </i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Adrian
Shubert, </span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Social History of Modern Spain </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(London: Routledge, 1990), </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">164.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red;"><b>14 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">Patrick Foley, "</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">But What About the Faith? Catholicism and Liberalism in Nineteenth-Century Spain</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">," <i>Faith & Reason: The Journal of Christendom College</i>, Vol. XVI, No. 4 (Winter 1990). </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red;"><b>15 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">Mitchell, 34-35.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>16 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">Thomas, 76.</span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="15" style="color: red;"><b>17 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="color: white;">Thomas, 85.</span><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="16" style="color: red;"><b>18 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Mitchell, 41.</span></span><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>19 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Julio De La Cueva, </span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Culture Wars: Secular-Catholic Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Europe</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 193.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="18" style="color: red;"><b>20 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Eric Storm, </span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Political Religion Beyond Totalitarianism: The Sacralization of Politics in the Age of Democracy </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave MacMillan, 2013), </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">240.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="19" style="color: red;"><b>21 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">John Coverdale, </span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Uncommon Faith: The Early Years of Opus Dei, 1928-1943</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Strongsville, OH: Scepter Publishers, 2002),</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> 78-79.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="21" style="color: red;"><b>22</b></a></i></i></b></i></span><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="20" style="color: red;"><b> </b></a></i><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Dolors Marín Silvestre, "</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Barcelona July 1909: A City in Flames</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">, </span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Tragic Week and the Murder of Ferrer i Guardia,"<b style="font-style: italic;"> </b><i>Kate Sharpley Library</i>, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">https://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/n8pm38.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"></span><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="21" style="color: red;"><b>23 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Abel Paz, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Durruti in the Spanish Revolution</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (San Francisco: AK Press, 2006), 138.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="22" style="color: red;"><b>24 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">Maria Thomas, "</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">Disputing the Public Sphere: Anticlerical Violence, Conflict and the Sacred Heart of Jesus, April 1931-July 1936</span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">," <i>Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea</i>, 33 (2011): 49-69. </span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="23" style="color: red;"><b>25 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Stanley Payne, </span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Spanish Catholicism: An Historical Overview</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1984), 155.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"></span><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="24" style="color: red;"><b>26 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Thomas, 73-74.</span><i><br /></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="1"><b><span style="color: red;">27 </span></b></a></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Hilari Raguer, </span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Gunpowder and Incense: The Catholic Church and the Spanish Civil War</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (London: Routledge, 2007), </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">25.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="2" style="color: red;"><b>28 </b></a></span><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">José
Luis Mulas Hernandez, "</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">The Asturian Commune of 1934</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">," <i>Kate Sharpley Library</i>,</span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;">https://www.katesharpleylibrary.net/4f4rh2.</span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red;"><b>29 </b></a></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Julian Casanova, </span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>The Spanish Republic and Civil War</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010),</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> 108.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red;"><b>30 </b></a></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">Julio Reyero, "</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">The Church and Anti-Clericalism in 20th Century Revolutionary Processes in Spain</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">," from</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><b> </b></i></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><b>Iglesia y anticlericalismo en los procesos revolucionarios del siglo XX en España </b></i>(Madrid: Publicaciones El Sembrador, 2012).</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"><b>31 </b></a></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Daniel Sueiro, </span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Historia del Franquismo</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Madrid: Argos Vergara, 1985), </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">71.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"><b>32 </b></a></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Julio de la Cueva, "</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Religious Persecution, Anticlerical Tradition and Revolution: On Atrocities against the Clergy during the Spanish Civil War</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">," </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i>Journal of Contemporary
History</i>, Volume 33, Number 3: 355.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>33 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Mary Vincent, </span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>The Splintering of Spain: Cultural History and the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">78.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="7" style="color: red;"><b>34 </b></a></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">Maria Thomas, "</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">Masculinity, Sexuality and Anticlerical Violence during the Spanish Civil War</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">," PhD diss, Royal Holloway University of London, 2011. </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="8" style="color: red;"><b>35 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">"Joint Letter of the Spanish Bishops to
the Bishops of the Whole World Concerning the War in Spain, July
1,1937," <b><i>War In Spain</i></b> (New York: America Press, 1937). </span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="10" style="color: red;"><b>36 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Bruce Lincoln, </span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Discourse and the Construction of Society</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">106.</span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red;"><b>37 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">Kedward, 68.</span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>38 </i></b></a></span></span><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">Vicente Sánchez-Biosca,</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> "Killing God, Executing Christ: Modern Weapons for Old Dreams," paper presented at the King Juan Carlos I Center, New York University, February 26, 2013. </span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>39 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Hugh Thomas, </span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>The Spanish Civil War </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(New York: Modern Library, 2001), </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">606.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red;"><b>40 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">"Catholic Dens No Longer Exist,"<b style="font-style: italic;"> Solidaridad Obrera</b>, August 20, 1936. </span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red;"><b>41 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">Richard
Maddox, "</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">Revolutionary Anticlericalism and Hegemonic Processes in an Andalusian Town, August 1936</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">," </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><i>American Ethnologist</i>, Vol. 22, No. 1: 125.</span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>42 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="color: white;">Maddox, 130.</span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="15" style="color: red;"><b>43 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">Thomas, "</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">Disputing the Public Sphere</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">."</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="16" style="color: red;"><b>44 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Thomas, "Masculinity, Sexuality and Anticlerical Violence."<i style="font-weight: bold;"> </i></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>45 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Sánchez-Biosca.</span><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="18" style="color: red;"><b><br />46 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Thomas, "Disputing the Public Sphere."</span><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="19" style="color: red;"><b>47 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">de la Cueva, 362.</span><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="20" style="color: red;"></a></i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="20" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="19" style="color: red;"><b>48 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Julián Casanova, </span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>A Short History of the Spanish Civil War</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2014),</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> 74.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="21" style="color: red;"><b>49 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;">de la Cueva, 363.</span><i><br /></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="22" style="color: red;"><b>50 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sueiro, 81.</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"></span><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="23" style="color: red;"><b>51 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Casanova, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">A Short History of the Spanish Civil War</b>,</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"> 187.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="24" style="color: red;"><b>52</b></a></i></i></b></i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="24" style="color: red;"></a></b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="24" style="color: red;"> </a></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Casanova, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="font-style: italic;">A Short History of the Spanish Civil War</b>,</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> 79-80.</span></span><i><br /></i><span class="Apple-style-span"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="22" style="color: red;"><b>53 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">de la Cueva, 365</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">.</span></span></span></span><i><br /></i>Mark Laskeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09221596829655982430noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4460192715541619034.post-37847879383364158502013-11-09T16:05:00.004-08:002022-03-27T11:10:16.481-07:00The Infernal Hole and the Unsettled Dead<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-size: x-large;">The Cursed Project to Build America's First Subway System</span></span></span></span></b></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">The Boston commute has always been a
nightmare, but by the later 19th century it had reached its high mark.
The city was experiencing a massive population surge that pushed it's
transportation infrastructure to the very limits of sustainability.
Hundreds of new immigrants were arriving daily and settling in the
already over-populated inner neighborhoods. Tremont Street, the main
thoroughfare, was a near-constant gridlock of foot traffic, horse carts
and electric streetcars. The surrounding maze of narrow, winding
streets became impassable. And the various steam-powered train lines that carried
suburban commuters into the city each day created a tangled web of
crosstown and inner city routes that added to the chaos</span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">.</span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>1</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span><br /><br />The
breaking point would be The Great Blizzard of 1888, one of the most severe snowstorms to ever hit the United States</span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">.<span style="color: red;"><sup>2</sup></span></span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">The massive storm wreaked havoc up
and down the East Coast and completely paralyzed the city of Boston.
Trains and street cars were immobilized by massive 50-foot snow
drifts, telegraph lines went down, and hundreds of people were
stranded for days without food, water or heat. Passengers trapped in
the railroad cars burned the seats to stay warm. Others attempted to brave the freezing temperatures and 80mph wind gusts and
tried walking home on foot but were quickly disoriented, or else
stuck in the drifts. Some froze to death. In the aftermath of this
catastrophe it became clear that the city needed to modernize its public transit.<br /><br />The city responded by forming the
Boston Transit Commission, which tasked a team of engineers to</span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> design an inter-connected transit system </span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">that
would include both elevated rail lines and an underground subway network.</span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>3</sup></a></span></span></span> The Tremont Street Subway line would be the first phase of this network, and
include three stations – Park Street, Boylston and Public Garden
(now Arlington Street). When the construction was finally
completed, it would be celebrated as an engineering first in the
United States.<br /><br />But there is a dark side to this
project that seldom gets mentioned in the history books.<br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: large;">FEAR OF THE DARK </span></span></span></span></b><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span lang="en-GB"><i><br /></i></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><i>"I don't believe in a tunnel or a
subway. I expect to be a long time underground after I am dead, but
while I live I want to travel on the earth, not under it."</i> <br />– I.W. Sprague, local undertaker (<i>The Boston Globe</i>, July 25,
1894)</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFBXuwabxXcdyHNtFJZQEtJaP5jb4Epo7zQU24cEG45k-lVh5j_CZMOd0F2GTaWzYXScPVZxsv9GVwXJsRrHc2JaCKL7n4N-TNXQsF3G3k7_11vRWU5LIA62KqFlGKB16ka1tjYqE4in81/s1600/suway2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFBXuwabxXcdyHNtFJZQEtJaP5jb4Epo7zQU24cEG45k-lVh5j_CZMOd0F2GTaWzYXScPVZxsv9GVwXJsRrHc2JaCKL7n4N-TNXQsF3G3k7_11vRWU5LIA62KqFlGKB16ka1tjYqE4in81/s320/suway2.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">From the very beginning, the subway
project was marred by controversy and protest. At the time,
subterranean travel still carried a strong psychological stigma. Many
people associated the underground regions with death, decay and evil
spirits. It was also considered to be the unsanitary habitat of
snakes, rats, insects, germs, fungus and who knows what else.
As Boston historian Charles Bahne notes, at this time it was still largely uncharted territory and thought of as
"the realm of Lucifer himself, inhabited by lost souls,
moldering corpses, strange forms of animal life, and noxious vapors.</span></span></span><span style="color: white;">"</span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#4" name="top4" style="color: red;"><sup>4</sup></a></span></span></span><br /><br />Playing on these fears, the newly
formed Anti-Subway League argued that the project posed a serious
threat to public health as mold, mildew, and germs would infect
commuters with respiratory ailments, and rodents and snakes
would be driven to the surface and plague the city. The group submitted a
petition signed by twelve-thousand people opposing "any subway
in any portion of the City of Boston"</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#4" name="top4" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">.</span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>5</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> <i>The Boston Post</i>
supported the League's claims with a sensationalist editorial
entitled ''Hideous Germs Lurk in the Underground Air," which
warned of the dangerous “subway microbes” that would plague the
subway tunnel and sicken commuters. The article was accompanied by an
artist's sketch of a magnified “microbe”, depicting a
gruesome, slimy, multi-headed monster, which helped fuel the popular
unease</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>6</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> Despite continued opposition, the planned subway project narrowly passed by a public referendum and work soon began.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>7</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /><br />On March 29, 1895</span></span></span></span></span></span>, a solemn ceremony took place</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">and ground was finally broken on the Tremont
Street Subway project</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">. But by this time the negative stigma and
health concerns associated with it had already become ingrained in
the public consciousness. As the excavation began, residents from the
surrounding area claimed that “subway filth” was poisoning trees
in the Public Garden. According to an article in <i>The Daily
Advertiser</i>: “Wherever the earth dredged up from the subway cribs
has been spread over the ground, the trees have been sickened. Some
of them have died. Why should this foul, poisonous sod be laid out in
the city's parks to perfume the neighborhood and spread disease germs
over the surrounding regions?”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>8</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />In addition to the public grumblings,
accidents seemed to plague the project from the very start.
During the first weeks of digging a water main was ruptured and the
nearby Park Street Church was covered with mud and debris. Preaching
from the pulpit, the pastor of the church damned the project site,
referring to it as the “infernal hole” and an “un-Christian
outrage”. He concluded his fiery sermon by asking congregants,
“Who is the boss in charge of the work? Is it the Devil?”</span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">.</span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>9</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span></span></span><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">A MACABRE DISCOVERY</span></span></span></b></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /> </span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7hR2D1zV6MzpdqBWRItJ5rtguuciY8vxSGx1gZJAj1AqJfvZ4VB4-nQwz0grfEUwCJvefa7dCnj9gvBsdzC51YuoQkBggBH_XDrJ2Hr7qkqlIUPHOhYIa8AFXpalt0xYYvUY2iYROoEol/s1600/skull-gravestone-central-burying-ground-a.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7hR2D1zV6MzpdqBWRItJ5rtguuciY8vxSGx1gZJAj1AqJfvZ4VB4-nQwz0grfEUwCJvefa7dCnj9gvBsdzC51YuoQkBggBH_XDrJ2Hr7qkqlIUPHOhYIa8AFXpalt0xYYvUY2iYROoEol/s320/skull-gravestone-central-burying-ground-a.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black; color: white; text-align: center;">As the tunnel excavation progressed
along Tremont Street, workers came up against their next major
obstacle: The Central Burying Ground. It was accepted that the subway
line would pass through a portion of the old cemetery. There was no
way around it. But it was thought that only a few graves would be
displaced by the project. However, things didn't exactly go as
planned.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black; color: white;"><br /></span>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black; color: white;">The Central Burying Ground sits on the
south side of the Boston Common, along Boylston Street. It was
established in 1756 to alleviate overcrowding at the nearby Copp's Hill, King's
Chapel and Granary burying grounds, and generally considered to be
the least desirable since it was
located the farthest from the market center. </span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">By the time of the subway excavations, the cemetery was already old
enough for many of its inmates' identities to be lost or otherwise
unknown. Its thought that casualties from the Battle of
Bunker Hill are buried there, as well as British soldiers who died during the Siege of Boston (1775-76). It's also one of the
few cemeteries where Roman Catholics could reside at the time, and provided a
final resting place for some of the city's earliest immigrants
(sometimes referred to as “strangers” in the scant burial records). The Central Burying Ground itself eventually became so crowded that
gravediggers petitioned the city, complaining that they were forced
to bury dead bodies four-deep to a grave</span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">.</span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>10</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br /><br />In 1826, Mayor
Josiah Quincy finally closed the cemetery, passing an
ordinance that banned digging new graves or building additional
tombs. This was both a response to the overcrowding and a reflection
of the broader shift in attitudes towards interment, where corpses
began to be viewed as a hygienic danger to
the public and burial grounds were moved to the city outskirts</span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">.</span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>11</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
</div>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br />It was bad enough that the subway tunnel would need to pass through the heavily occupied, disorganized and poorly marked graves of the Central Burying Ground. It would also have to navigate the entire length of the Boston Common's south side – which, as it turned out, was itself one massive burial site. A few months prior to the excavations, workers came across a number of human bones just outside of the cemetery grounds when they were burying some electric wires along the Boylston Street Mall.</span></span></span><sup style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">12</span></a></sup><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black; color: white;"> This should have given some indication of what could be expected during further excavations of the area. But no one could have anticipated the massive scale of human remains that would be unearthed in the coming months.</span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Although New England is known for its
old colonial cemeteries, most of the early settlers were in
fact buried in unmarked public graves. Since it was established in
1634, the Boston Common provided a convenient burial spot for
much of the city's lower classes. Under the early Puritan
regime, untold numbers of undesirables – murderers, thieves, pirates,
Native Americans, military deserters, Quakers and witches – were executed
and piled into anonymous pits here</span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">.</span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>13</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Later
generations of the city's poor, particularly during outbreaks of
disease, were also laid to rest on the Common grounds. Those who died
in the city's almshouses, public hospitals or in the streets were
generally deposited in anonymous mass graves and covered in
quicklime with little to no record of their passing left behind</span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">.</span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>14</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnSS4pOu5hB_mmlBESBpy5BQTi29Fafiw6L4X4KE2YF5d1GOxRDy3n5RKIdl9hZ_rIK2ip4Hv96jxxEENDCwhTIZAdPLQS0OPjXorGGHrE-opJ0xlANlYGi0eQuHA1LErCRjpqpKcX3smh/s1600/books_002.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="329" data-original-width="520" height="202" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnSS4pOu5hB_mmlBESBpy5BQTi29Fafiw6L4X4KE2YF5d1GOxRDy3n5RKIdl9hZ_rIK2ip4Hv96jxxEENDCwhTIZAdPLQS0OPjXorGGHrE-opJ0xlANlYGi0eQuHA1LErCRjpqpKcX3smh/s320/books_002.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">It wasn't until 1810, when the city passed a law regarding
burial practices (“Regulations for establishing the Police of the
Burying Grounds and Cemeteries, and for Regulating the Burial of the
Dead, within the town of Boston”), that an ordered system in the
disposal of the dead was finally established</span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">.</span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>15</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />In and around the Central Burying
Grounds, and throughout the surrounding area of the Boston Common,
tunneling crews came across countless unmarked graves. </span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black; color: white;">The first bones were discovered when a medical student was walking through the
construction site and stepped on something that made a loud snap. After kicking away some dirt he reached down and picked up t<span style="font-size: small;">he object, which turned out to be a human
thighbone. Further digging around uncovered a </span>skull, the disjointed parts of
two arms and hands, and other bone fragments</span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: small;">Workers continued to find human remains the following day, and began piling them carelessly against a retaining fence. By that evening, vandals had broken into the worksite and pulled a skull and a number of bones from the open tomb and paraded them through the Common</span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;">.</span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>16</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> The local newspapers jumped on the story, condemning "the desecration of the Old Boston Cemetery" and placing full blame on the Boston Transit Commission. <br /><br />Day after day,
curious residents lined up along Tremont Street to watch the removal
of these skeletal remains. However, as the weather got warmer, the worksite was overtaken by the stench of decomposition and it became necessary to keep the crowds away. To alleviate the health
concerns of an already unsettled public, the Boston Transit
Commission was forced to issue a statement, which argued, “the earth is a good
disinfectant, and a burial of more than half a century would destroy
any germs of disease that might still linger after death.”</span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>17</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br /><br />After nearly seven months of grim
excavations it was estimated that the portions of between 9</span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">00 and 1,000 bodies had been dug up and would need to be re-interred.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>18</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> <i>The Daily Advertiser</i>
continued to preach condemnations. "They have sacrificed the Common,
which is the playground of Boston," according to a scathing editorial, "and now it seems that the dead are
not to be allowed to rest quietly in</span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> their graves. The subway must
pass through the Boston Common, even if sacrilegious hands are to be
laid on the dust of Boston's historic dead."</span></span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>19</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ9Glzd7gbO_SZ6ipZunTTqe8kgu3J2gXQw4wCrWoCP0Vh2DAMT4Ia9NaODZeaYsZt-MrAFt-0UC11xOqdnDBh7uiU97P-IqCdeAmufK5k17MudDVoFaTzoFkaMzYJHd2tXRZJoxlXUVid/s1600/10922808_10155090300740241_8435532613082565297_n.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ9Glzd7gbO_SZ6ipZunTTqe8kgu3J2gXQw4wCrWoCP0Vh2DAMT4Ia9NaODZeaYsZt-MrAFt-0UC11xOqdnDBh7uiU97P-IqCdeAmufK5k17MudDVoFaTzoFkaMzYJHd2tXRZJoxlXUVid/s320/10922808_10155090300740241_8435532613082565297_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Overwhelmed by the sheer number of
human remains on its hands, the Commission appointed Dr. Samuel A.
Green, a librarian from the Massachusetts Historical and Genealogical
Society, with the daunting task of directing the re-interment
process.</span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>20</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> All told, nearly seventy-five boxes – each
containing a miscellaneous assortment of bones – were prepared and
eventually buried in a mass grave on the northwest side of the
Central Burying Ground. The site is marked by a single stone tablet
that reads "Here Were Re-interred the Remains of Persons Found
Under the Boylston Street Mall During the Digging of the Subway,
1895".</span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>21</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br />TRAGEDY AND DISASTER</span></span></span></b></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0i1u4KNwUmN5ClYI7jqy72pwuZTjU4bTY0Ro4s7_j0N-SBbDGpFSJH88TaEyp5153hrzn9aabv_fuC4LC2ifdEg-gEnzyGCDpMuK6GuHGN7pCKyuvg4x_8U4Eckw07XvJ7ISVstdRpW1i/s1600/1.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0i1u4KNwUmN5ClYI7jqy72pwuZTjU4bTY0Ro4s7_j0N-SBbDGpFSJH88TaEyp5153hrzn9aabv_fuC4LC2ifdEg-gEnzyGCDpMuK6GuHGN7pCKyuvg4x_8U4Eckw07XvJ7ISVstdRpW1i/s320/1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">On March 4, 1897, six months prior to
the scheduled opening of the Tremont Street Subway line, the
seemingly cursed project was met by total disaster when a spark from
a streetcar ignited gas leaking from a pipe that was damaged during the
tunnel excavation. A massive explosion ripped through the
intersection of Tremont and Boylston streets, shattering the windows
of every nearby building and leaving the streetcar “a tangled,
burning hulk, its passengers trapped in and under the debris.” Two
other streetcars were also badly damaged, with bloodied passengers,
by-standers, and horses strewn throughout the area. Ten people died,
and more than fifty were badly injured in the explosion. Hundreds
of onlookers gathered as firefighters attempted to douse the
eight-foot flames that shot up from the street. According to one
report, “it looked as if the whole subway at that
section was aflame.” Eventually the gas main was shut off and the
fire was put out.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>22</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />In the aftermath it was determined that
the explosion was caused when a gas pipe located between the ceiling
of the subway tunnel and temporary planking on the streets had been
ruptured by workers. Apparently the pipe had been leaking for some
time, filling the gap with a highly combustible mixture of gas and
air, before it ignited and caused the massive explosion. While the
press and public argued over who was responsible for this disaster</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">,
city officials scrambled to re-assure people that no further gas
fumes were leaking into the tunnel and that they would be safe on
underground trains when the subway system opened. “While the accident was due indirectly to
construction work in connection with the subway," according to the press statement, "it does not give the
slightest cause for any apprehension as to the safety of the subway
for use by the public.”</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>23</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br />The public remained unconvinced. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">CONCLUSION</span></span></span></b></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><br /> </span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;">Two and a half years after the
initial groundbreaking, the Tremont Street Subway line project –
America's first subway system – was completed. On September 1,
1897, the first underground trolley carried a hundred passengers between Park
Street and Public Garden stations for it's inaugural ride. To calm
the public's fear of traveling underground, the tunnel's interior was
painted white and lit up by electric lamps placed every few feet.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>24</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> Most people marveled at this new wonder, and lined up to ride a subway trolley (it's estimated tens of thousands by the day's end). But many still held to their
fears and prejudices.<br /><br />The stigma of death had tainted the
public's perception of the subway so deeply that even the station
entrances came up for criticism for their “tomb-like” appearance.
According to one critic, quoted in a <i>New York Sun</i> article reporting
on the subway's grand opening: “They somewhat resemble the plainer
types of mausoleums that are seen in the cemeteries of Paris. All
they lack is a carved name on the front and a few death's heads or
griffins in granite to make them look a little more grim and
gruesome”.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>25</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> <br /><br />Even to the present day there is an
ominous feeling about this stretch of the subway network, which many
consider to be haunted by the ghosts of the past (most notably, that of a British redcoat soldier sighted in the tunnel between Arlington and Boylston stations).</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>26</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> With the public executions, disease, poverty and despair
associated with the buried dead on the Boston Common, the upturned graves of the Central
Burying Ground and surrounding area, and the devastating gas
explosion tragedy, its no surprise.</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="1"><b><br /><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: red;">1 </span></b></a><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: white;">Charles Cheape, </span></span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i>Moving the Masses: Urban Public Transit in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia </i></b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980), 109. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="2" style="color: red;"><b>2 </b></a><span style="color: white;">Judd Caplovich, </span></span></span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Blizzard! The Great Storm of ‘88</i></b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Vernon, CT: Vero Publishing, 1987).</span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black; color: white;"> </span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red;"><b>3 </b></a></i></b><span style="color: white;">Brett Hansen, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Moving the Massachusetts Masses: Boston's Subway</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">," </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;">Civil Engineering Magazine</i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">, </span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Volume 79, Issue 9 (</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">September 2009).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red;"><b>4 </b></a></b></i></b><span style="color: white;">Stephen Puelo, </span></span></span></span><b style="background-color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b><b><i><span style="color: white;">A City So Grand: The Rise of an American Metropolis, Boston 1850-1900</span></i></b></b></i></b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Boston: Beacon Press, 2011), 228.</span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"><b>5 </b></a></i></b></b></i></b><span style="color: white;">Puelo, 229.</span><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><br />
</b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>6 </b></a></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">Joe McKendry, </span></span></span></span><b style="background-color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><span style="color: white;">Beneath the Streets of Boston: Building America's First Subway</span></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;"> (Boston: David R. Godine Publishing, 2005), 23.</span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><b><b><b><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><b><b><span style="font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: italic;"><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="background-color: black; color: red; font-style: italic;"><b>7 </b></a></b></span></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Hansen.</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="7" style="color: red; font-style: italic;"><b><br /><span style="background-color: black;">8 </span></b></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Puleo, </span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: x-small;">231-32.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="8" style="color: red;"><b>9 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="color: white;">Puelo, 236.</span><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="10" style="color: red;"><b>10 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="color: white;">Samuel E. Turnbull, "</span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">The Subway</span></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">," </span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">National Magazine</i><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black; color: white;">, Volume 2 (1895): 16.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="background-color: black;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red;"><b>11 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Gary Laderman,</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> </span></span><b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">The Sacred Remains: American Attitudes Toward Death, 1799-1883 </span></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black; color: white;">(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), 9.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>12 </i></b></a><span style="color: white;">Ogden Codman, </span></span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: italic;">Gravestone Inscriptions and Records of Tomb Burials in the Central Burying Ground, Boston Common, and Inscriptions in the South Burying Ground, Boston </b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black; color: white;">(Salem, MA: The Essex Institute, 1917), 7.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b><i>13</i></b></a></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><b><i> </i></b>Holly Nadler, </span></span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Ghosts of Boston Town: Three Centuries of True Hauntings</i></b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Camden, ME: Down East Books, 2002), </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black; color: white;">113-14.</span></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red;"><b>14 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="color: white;">Laderman, 41-42.</span><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red;"><b>15 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="color: white;">Laderman, 47-48.</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black; font-size: x-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17"><b><span style="color: red;">16</span><span style="color: white;"> </span></b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="color: white;">Puleo, 226.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="15" style="color: red;"><b>17 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="color: white;">Turnbull, 162.</span><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="16" style="color: red;"><b>18 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="color: white;">Codman, 7.</span><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>19 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="color: white;">Puleo, 227.</span><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="18" style="color: red;"><b><br />20 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b><span style="color: white;">Turnbull, 159.</span><b><i><b><b><i><i><b><b><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="19" style="color: red;"><b>21 </b></a></i></i></b></i></b></b></i></i></b></b></i></b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Puelo, 227-28.</span><i> </i></span><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="20" style="color: red;"></a></i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="20" style="color: red;"></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b><i><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="21" style="color: red;"><b>22</b></a></i></i></b></i></span><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="20" style="color: red;"><b> </b></a></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Puelo, 237.</span><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="21" style="color: red;"><b>23 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;">Puelo, 239.</span><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="22" style="color: red;"><b>24 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Hansen.</span></span><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="23" style="color: red;"><b>25 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Puleo, 236.</span></span><i><b><i><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="24" style="color: red;"><b>26 </b></a></i></i></b></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span">Sam Baltrusis, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>Ghosts of Boston: Haunts of the Hub</i></span></i></b></i><span class="Apple-style-span" face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (Stroud, UK: The History Press, 2012).</span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: black; color: white;"> </span></span>Mark Laskeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09221596829655982430noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4460192715541619034.post-36192310295393234902013-10-09T15:58:00.000-07:002018-07-14T23:35:46.696-07:00He Who Walks Among Us On Cloven Hooves<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-size: x-large;">The Goatman in Legend and Lore</span></span></span></span></b></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">“<i>Imagine this – a young couple
drives out to some deserted road. It is a spot that people call
“lover's lane”. They park the car and turn out the lights. Then
suddenly, without any warning, a great hairy thing rushes out of the
woods and begins beating on the windows and doors of the car. For a
moment the couple are too surprised and terrified to do anything.
Then the driver starts the car, and drives away as fast as he can.
Over the roar of the motor the couple can hear the monster screaming
in rage.”</i> – Daniel Cohen, <i>Monsters You Never Heard Of</i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">For generations, teenagers have been
frightened by cautionary tales of the shadowy beings that haunt the secluded wooded areas on the outskirts of
town. An intimate evening spent parked along an old country road
could very well attract the unwelcomed company of restless ghosts,
hook-handed madmen, or strange and unknown creatures. Or so the legends
go.<br /><br />Among the most timeless and terrifying
of these abstinence-inducing creatures of the night is The Goatman –
a large, hairy, hoofed and horned monster that has been ruining the
romance all across North America since at least the 1950s, and
throughout history going back to ancient times.</span></span></span><br />
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<b><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE HORNED HORROR OF PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY</span></span></span></span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8cQmvTop52buT3gO0_KJutMGQB3rArgLXQQyz6Q7wx6QvUmumMh9ZY6-1dOKt1YBt0qF3tBwMbn6j1WYgkwxW19IVFc9Z0iBYASQBiYSlssUniILQncdkDpOB0N854wIDMnEtpLP6aaQ2/s1600/the-devil-rides-out.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8cQmvTop52buT3gO0_KJutMGQB3rArgLXQQyz6Q7wx6QvUmumMh9ZY6-1dOKt1YBt0qF3tBwMbn6j1WYgkwxW19IVFc9Z0iBYASQBiYSlssUniILQncdkDpOB0N854wIDMnEtpLP6aaQ2/s320/the-devil-rides-out.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">For decades, eyewitnesses have reported
seeing a fearsome creature described as being half-man, half-goat in
several localities of Prince George's County, Maryland. Strange
footprints, home invasions, property destruction, animal mutilations,
missing children and unexplained car accidents have all been blamed
on 'The Goatman'.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"><sup>1</sup></a> But its his
terrifying late night sexual interventions on unsuspecting teenagers
that he is most infamously known for.<br /><br />The first reported sighting was made in
August 1957, when two witnesses claimed to have been attacked by the
creature in the Forestville-Upper Marlboro area. The young couple
were spending an evening parked at a local make-out spot, near a dark
wooded area just off the street. They were startled by a loud banging
on their car hood and looked up to see a large, hairy, horned
creature with a double-bladed ax in its hand. The creature glared
menacingly at the couple before fleeing into the woods<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#2" name="top2" style="color: red;"><sup>2</sup></a> A few
nights later, a man and his wife who lived nearby reported seeing a
“hairy wild-man” going through their trash.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>3</sup></a> Following these frightening encounters, members
of the Upper Marlboro fire department and some local hunters
organized a search of the area for this "Abominable Phantom"
but turned up nothing. Additional sightings were reported in the
following weeks, but authorities eventually declared the whole thing
to be a hoax.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#4" name="top4" style="color: red;"><sup>4</sup></a> A few years later, a young couple were
romantically involved in their car, just off Zug Road, in Huntington,
when they observed a peculiar creature staring at them from the edge
of the woods. The woman described it as a “tall, ragged animal with
human-like features.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#5" name="top5" style="color: red;"><sup>5</sup></a><br /><br />The legend of The Goatman grew
throughout the 1960s. Teenagers were warned against parking in wooded
areas at night, or else they risked a run-in with this ax-weilding beast. Sporadic sightings and encounters
continued. Strange tracks turned up. Pets occasionally went missing.
And a lot of good campfire stories were shared. But eventually The
Goatman's boogeyman grip over this community began to fade into
distant memory.<br /><br />However, by the early '70s the monster
came back with a vengeance, once again raising his ugly horned head
and resuming the reign of terror over Prince George's County. In
April 1971, a farmer near Fletchertown Road, in Huntington, reported
seeing “a large, man-like creature” eating the remains of a pig.
When the he approached the scene, the creature ran off. In November
of that year, in the town of Bowie, a 16-year old girl was awakened
in the middle of the night by her dog barking. When she looked out
her window she saw a large hairy creature walking upright and moving
towards her tied up dog. Frightened, she retreated back in her room
and called for help. Two neighbors, armed with baseball bats, chased
the creature into woods where it disappeared into the night (giving
off a “high-pitched squeal” while retreating). They returned to
find the dog's severed head on the ground, with the rest of the
carcass apparently taken by the creature. The story was picked up by
The Washington Post and the legend was given new life.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#6" name="top6" style="color: red;"><sup>6</sup></a></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In 1973, a man was driving along Rt. 32
reportedly saw a “huge beast on two legs with glowing eyes”.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#7" name="top7" style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><sup>7</sup></a><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
A few years later, a woman reported seeing “a grayish-brown,
round-shouldered animal with reflective red eyes” cross the road in
front of her car on Route 198 and then step over the guard rail and
disappear. And in April 1977, a NASA engineer witnessed a “Bigfoot-type
creature” tossing a dog onto the road at I-95 and Powder Mill Road
in Beltsville.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#8" name="top8" style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><sup>8</sup></a><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Over the next decade there were a
numerous reports of The Goatman attacking cars, attacking dogs... and
attacking cars with dogs (throwing dogs off overpasses along
stretches of Interstate 495 seems to have been a favorite past time
during the '80s). And as recently as 2000, construction workers claim
to have come face to face with “a 300-pound, seven-foot-tall furry
creature” that had “the legs, hooves, and horns of a goat, but
the upper-body of a man” near the town of Bowie.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#9" name="top9" style="background-color: black; color: red; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><sup>9</sup></a></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />So what is The Goatman? Is he just an
old scare story used by parents to keep hormone-laden teenagers in
check, or is there something more to it? </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There are a number of
theories regarding his identity and origin. Many people believe that
he is, or was, nothing more than an ornery old hermit, clad in fur
skins and armed with an ax, who claimed the back roads of Prince
George's County as his own personal domain and had territorial issues
with the local youths. Others believe it is an undiscovered woodland
creature, a horned cousin of Bigfoot maybe. There are the various mad
scientist theories that revolve around the U.S. Agricultural Research
Center in Beltsville, Maryland (one version claims geneticists
created a hybrid man-goat, which then escaped the facility and took
up residence in the nearby forest; another involves a genetic
experiment going horribly wrong, transforming a once mild mannered
Bruce Banner scientist into a hairy, horned Hulk-like beast). Similar
stories involve the Glenn Dale Hospital, an old tuberculosis
sanitarium, where local legend has it that a patient was experimented
on and left mutilated and deformed before escaping into the woods.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#10" name="top10" style="color: red;"><sup>10</sup></a> And then there are the god-fearing Christian folk who believe
he is no less than the Devil himself.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />THE GOATMAN ACROSS AMERICA</span></span></b><i><br /></i></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiipPjsk5xMZVubPOxFp6Vs6hpeKP8wOeva1oHZ4Br530qBnzJR5lLSzIDI7u0AVZWjsyF-3SYL3m4sY_KaZibSD2MaImRq6wBHErAqAWG3b3-jQM9woRXkEXHWRF4DmUl72x8QOiX7c8gt/s1600/goatman1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiipPjsk5xMZVubPOxFp6Vs6hpeKP8wOeva1oHZ4Br530qBnzJR5lLSzIDI7u0AVZWjsyF-3SYL3m4sY_KaZibSD2MaImRq6wBHErAqAWG3b3-jQM9woRXkEXHWRF4DmUl72x8QOiX7c8gt/s320/goatman1.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A few hundred miles to the west of Prince
George's County is another goat-horned beast. The Pope Lick Monster
is said to haunt the area around an old train trestle in Jefferson
County, Kentucky, just outside of Louisville. Sightings of the
monster go back to the 1950s, when some boy scouts were chased from
their camping spot on the banks of the Pope Lick River by a screaming
beast that threw rocks at them. Like the Maryland Goatman, this
Kentucky cousin is known to attack young couples who trespass in his
domain, and has been blamed for mysterious livestock mutilations that
have occurred on farms in the surrounding area.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#11" name="top11" style="color: red;"><sup>11</sup></a> Additionally he is said to be
responsible for a number of deaths by teenagers who have jumped from
the 100-foot high trestle, using “either hypnosis or voice mimicry
to lure trespassers onto the trestle to meet their death before an
oncoming train”.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#12" name="top12" style="color: red;"><sup>12</sup></a><br /><br />In Fort Worth, Texas, there is the Lake
Worth Monster. The first known sighting of this creature occurred in
the summer 1969, when John Reichart, his wife, and two other couples
were parked at Lake Worth late one night and “a truly vile and
monstrous-looking creature came storming out of the thick branches of
a large, nearby tree”. The horned monster was said to be covered
with “scales and fur” and left behind a deep scratch across the
side of the car as they fled the scene. Police investigated the area
of the attack but turned up nothing. The Forth Worth Star Telegram's
headline the following day read “Fishy Man-Goat Terrifies Couples
Parked at Lake Worth” and the local monster-hunt was on. That
evening the creature was seen running across a stretch of road close
to the Lake Worth Nature Center. Shortly after a group of would-be
vigilantes chased the Goatman through the woods and up a rocky bluff.
The panicked creature tossed an old car tire down at his pursuers,
who quickly retreated to safety.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#13" name="top13" style="color: red;"><sup>13</sup></a> Sporadic sightings continue.<br /><br />Residents of Washington County,
Wisconsin, have lived with Goatman legends that supposedly date back
to the mid-19th century. The original story goes that a returning
Civil War veteran was traveling with his new bride in a horse-drawn
wagon along the desolate Hogsback Road when an axle broke. He left
his companion with the wagon while he went off for help. After hours
of waiting, the bride was startled by the sound of something sniffing
and growling outside the wagon. She peeped out and was
terror-stricken to see “a dark, hairy creature with the body and
head of a goat, but walking upright like a man.” She hid in the
wagon until the monster appeared to be gone, and then ran off in the
direction of her husband. She followed the footprints through the mud until she eventually came across his bloodied body hanging from a tree that was surrounded by hoof prints. Ever since then its said that the Goatman
preys on hapless drivers who get stranded on Hogsback Road... and
they're never seen again.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#14" name="top14" style="color: red;"><sup>14</sup></a><br /><br />Sightings and encounters with large,
hairy, horned man-creatures have also been reported in Alabama,
Arizona, Arkansas, California, Florida, Indiana, Louisiana, Michigan,
Missouri, Oregon, Washington, and as far north as Ontario, Canada.<sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#15" name="top15" style="color: red;">15</a></sup></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><sup><br /> </sup></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></b></span></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">SEX AND VIOLENCE THROUGHOUT THE AGES</span></span></b><i><br /></i></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">“<i>There is a thinking in primordial
images, in symbols which are older than the historical man, which are
inborn in him from the earliest times, eternally living, outlasting
all generations, still make up the groundwork of the human psyche.”</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"> –</span></span></span> C. G. Jung, <i>Modern Man in Search of a Soul</i></span></span></span>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />“<i>Gods suppressed become devils,
and often it is these devils whom we first encounter when we turn
inward."</i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"> –</span></span></span> Joseph Campbell,
</span><i>Thou Art That: Transforming Religious Metaphor</i></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8E8d-5oyQdZyNm7dC0GjPkZSks7mUJAzE3iBeEy7X3vsQHnkFcbC_v2nXTGVx8N1QtFZlVnwZYL60Rq7DvnqLCzb-a3haPODi4IkGpLEewSbKlY5MprOVpjRB_EIlQFXwae7QDLngl2WI/s1600/pan001r.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8E8d-5oyQdZyNm7dC0GjPkZSks7mUJAzE3iBeEy7X3vsQHnkFcbC_v2nXTGVx8N1QtFZlVnwZYL60Rq7DvnqLCzb-a3haPODi4IkGpLEewSbKlY5MprOVpjRB_EIlQFXwae7QDLngl2WI/s320/pan001r.jpg" width="291" /></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The stories surrounding The Goatman
combine the best elements of cryptozoology, folklore and urban legend. But even more interesting is just how far back
through history, and across how many different cultures, encounters
with “goat men” have been taking place. The Goatman can be seen
as something of a mythological archetype, representing both primal
nature and untamed sexuality. From the horned shamanic gods of early
hunter-gatherer societies to the black goat demons that haunt the
superstitious Christian mind, the concept of a supernatural horned
being has been universally present in the collective consciousness
throughout human history.<br /><br />The male goat, because of its
reproductive prowess, has been seen as a symbol of virility, sexual
potency, stamina and creative energy in many cultures. For this
reason goats have maintained a cult following (literally) that goes
back to the ancient societies of Mesopotamia, who both worshiped
horned gods and used male goats in their fertility rituals.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#16" name="top16" style="color: red;"><sup>16</sup></a> In ancient Egypt,
the people of Mendes (the Greek name for the ancient city of Djedet)
worshiped Ptah, the creator and fertility god who was sometimes
depicted with the head of a goat and the body of a human. Male goats
were considered holy to the Mendesian mystery cult, and women
worshipers were said to copulate with them in public fertility
rituals.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#17" name="top17" style="color: red;"><sup>17</sup></a> Likewise in
the ancient Indian sub-religion of Kaumaram there is the goat-headed
god Naigamesa, worshiped as a fertility god (specifically in granting
sons to infertile women) and, dualistically, feared as a demon who
abducted and injured children.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#18" name="top18" style="color: red;"><sup>18</sup></a><br /><br />As sexuality was often inter-connected
with nature, so too was the goat. The goat gods and nature spirits
were seen as lords over the wild, chaotic and dangerous side of the
natural world. And in many folk traditions they were thought of as both
trickster and hunter gods, combining mischievous and cunning
characteristics with sometimes violent and predatory tendencies. Pan
– the god of nature, fertility, sexuality and hunting in Greek
mythology – has often been referenced alongside The Goatman
legends. He was depicted as a wild hairy creature, with the horns and
cloven hooves of a goat, and a “primal lust” that was
insatiable. Like most nature gods, he had a dark side too: Pan The
Hunter and Pursuer. As protector of the wilderness he was prone to
violence at times, attacking those who passed through his realm
without warning. Ancient Greek shepherds also believed that when their
herds suddenly scattered in fear without apparent reason it was Pan
who frightened them (this is where the word "panic" comes
from).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#19" name="top19" style="color: red;"><sup>19</sup></a><br /><br />Dionysus (sometimes called “he of the
black goat” and “the nocturnal one”) was another horned god in
the Greek pantheon, representing fertility, intoxication and ecstasy.
Like Pan, this god also had a dualistic dark side. Underneath the
light-hearted revelry often associated with Dionysus was a bi-polar
personality of savagery, madness and the destructive forces of
nature. The cults who worshiped him were known for their frenzied
dances, drunken orgies and acts of <i>sparagmos</i> – a form of
ritual sacrifice where animals, most often goats, were mangled and
dismembered and the raw flesh consumed.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#20" name="top20" style="color: red;"><sup>20</sup></a><br /><br /><span style="background-color: black;">The goatish wild nature spirits who
served Pan and Dionysus were known as satyrs. Part human and part
bestial, they were commonly represented as having bristly hair,
upturned noses, pointed ears, horse-like tails and the horns of a
goat.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#21" name="top21" style="color: red;"><sup>21</sup></a> Wild, drunk, lewd, and
possessing an unbridled libido, they roamed the remote mountainous
and wooded glens, on the eternal prowl for nymphs (and occasionally
mortal women) to procreate with. During Roman times, the satyr became
conflated with the faun – a half human, half goat follower of the
pagan nature deity Faunas (often referred to as the Roman Pan). Like
the satyrs, the fauns were considered “place spirits” of the
untamed forests and inspired fear in men traveling in lonely, remote
or wild places.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#22" name="top22" style="color: red;"><sup>22</sup></a></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Veles was a horned nature god in Slavic
paganism. Originally known as the "master of the forest" in
the neolithic era, he presided over the souls of wild animals that
were killed by hunters. In later eras, he was the god of harvest,
horned animals, death and the underworld. He was also known as a
trickster god, and associated with music and magic. Like all horned
pagan gods, Veles eventually became identified with the Devil when the
Slavs became Christianized during the Middle Ages.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#23" name="top23" style="color: red;"><sup>23</sup></a> Further east, in Chinese folklore,
there was Yang Jing, a goat-like nature god who ruled over the remote
and sparsely settled mountainous regions. Peasants would make
sacrifices to him to protect their livestock and harvests against
predators and worshiped him as a god of fertility and sexual potency.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#24" name="top24" style="color: red;"><sup>24</sup></a><br /><br />Horned gods and spirits appear often in
Celtic folkloric traditions. Cernunnos is one of the horned gods that
date back to prehistory (as evidenced by the "dancing shaman"
in the Trois Freres cave painting, in southern France). He was worshiped by the Celts as the “lord of wild things” or “master
of the hunt” and, in addition to being the protector of the untamed
natural world, also represented male virility, sexual prowess and
power;<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#25" name="top25" style="color: red;"><sup>25</sup></a> The
Glaistig was a forest goddess in both the Scottish Highlands and
Ireland who was said to have the upper half of a woman and the lower
half of a goat, and known to throw stones at travelers and lead them
astray from their paths; In Irish folklore, there was the Bocánach,
goat-horned spirits that haunted battlefields who would make high
pitched shrieks at night; and the Púca were shape-shifting goblins,
often appearing as goat-like creatures, that resided in the rural
areas of Wales and Ireland who were believed to tear down fences, attack
livestock, trample crops and generally do damage around remote farms
(many farmers would leave a small portion of the season's harvest in
the fields as “púca's share” to placate the hungry creatures).<sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#26" name="top26" style="color: red;">26</a></sup></span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi76K0zST5XE9oNXdWq7yvd_Ra6CUf9nZ31mYpoL3E7BSLW8tEIvcGlUrDN6yhXUZaSohhBdDMrDwsr9msb12N6d_Yb8kgWzahksXWkwVF5Wni2RjVASlol8-kG9YY6ktpkQCMPN_jItwMM/s1600/goatman2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi76K0zST5XE9oNXdWq7yvd_Ra6CUf9nZ31mYpoL3E7BSLW8tEIvcGlUrDN6yhXUZaSohhBdDMrDwsr9msb12N6d_Yb8kgWzahksXWkwVF5Wni2RjVASlol8-kG9YY6ktpkQCMPN_jItwMM/s1600/goatman2.jpg" /></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In the Jewish tradition is the story of
The Watchers, the fallen angels who were cast out of heaven. In the
Book of Enoch, the leader of The Watchers is Azazel and the fallen
angels around him are referred to as seirim, or “he-goats”. These
goat demons walked the earth at night, lusting after women and
spreading sin among men.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#27" name="top27" style="color: red;"><sup>27</sup></a> Like
the Jews before them, the Christians would vilify the worship of
pagan gods – particularly deities associated with nature and
fertility. In the Gospels, Jesus compares sinners to goats,
proclaiming: "Depart from Me, accursed ones, into the eternal
fire which has been prepared for the devil and his angels".<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#28" name="top28" style="color: red;"><sup>28</sup></a> By the 11th century, depictions
of demons and devil figures started to take on goatish features,
usually appearing naked and hairy to symbolize sexuality, wildness
and animality.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#29" name="top29" style="color: red;"><sup>29</sup></a> During the witch-hunts it was not uncommon for
accused witches, under forced confession by church officials, to
claim to have communicated or copulated with the Devil in the guise
of a goat (often descried as “filthy, stinking and black”) while
engaging in rituals that were reminiscent of ancient Dionysian and
Panic rites.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#30" name="top30" style="color: red;"><sup>30</sup></a></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There are also the Native American traditions
that speak of “skinwalkers” – individuals with the supernatural
ability to transform themselves into various animal entities,
including coyotes, wolves, bears, crows... and goats. In traditional
Navajo culture, the <i>yenaaldlooskii</i> ("with it, he goes on
all fours") is a type of skinwalker who, like the werewolf of
European traditions, attains their shape-shifting powers through
black magic. In bestial form the yenaaldlooskii are said to dig up
graves, steal livestock, attack people, and even commit murder.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#31" name="top31" style="color: red;"><sup>31</sup></a> A goat-like skinwalker is
mentioned in Quechan native legends, and has been used by generations
of parents to scare children into not wandering around the
reservation after nightfall.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#32" name="top32" style="color: red;"><sup>32</sup></a> </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Back in Maryland, the
Piscataway tribe once worshiped (and feared) "Okee", a
shape-shifting spirit described as a "monstrous looking devil"
who roamed the dense forests.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#33" name="top33" style="color: red;"><sup>33</sup></a> Could this be the original Goatman
of Prince George's County?
</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />published by</span><b> <a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/he-who-walks-among-us-on-cloven-hooves-the-goatman-in-legend-and-lore/">CVLT NATION</a> </b></span><b><span style="font-size: large;"></span></b><span style="font-size: small;">(July 4, 2014)</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/no-gods-no-masters-blasphemy-desecration-and-anticlerical-violence-during-the-spanish-civil-war/"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span></a></span></span>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></span></span>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#14" name="top14" style="color: red;"><sup></sup></a></span></span></span></span>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="1"><b><br /><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ed Okonowicz, </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><i>Monsters of Maryland: Mysterious Creatures in the Old Line State</i></b><span style="font-size: xx-small;">, (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2012),</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 118. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="2" style="color: red;"><b>2 </b></a>"Legends & Folklore: The Maryland Goatman," <i>Strange News Daily</i>, Web, www.strangenewsdaily.net.<br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red;"><b>3 </b></a><i>Washington Evening Star</i>, August 5, 1957.<br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red;"><b>4 </b></a>Sean Daly, "</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The Legend of Goatman</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">," </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Washington City Paper</i>, September 18, 1998.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"><b>5 </b></a>"The Maryland Goatman Legend<i>," Phantoms & Monsters: Pulse of the Paranormal</i>, Web, www.phantomsandmonsters.com.<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red; font-style: italic;"><b>6 </b></a>Mark Opsasnick & Mark Chorvinsky, "</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Still on the Trail of the Goatman,"</span><i> </i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i>The Strange Report</i> #14.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="7" style="color: red; font-style: italic;"><b>7 </b></a>"The Maryland Goatman: Urban Legend or Experiment?<i>," Cryptozoo-ocity</i>, Web, http://cryptozoo-oscity.blogspot.com.<br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="8" style="color: red; font-style: italic;"><b>8 </b></a>Andrew Gable, "</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Urban Legends of Maryland, Part II: Goatman,"</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i> Masks of Mesingw</i>, Web. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">http://masksofmesingw.blogspot.com.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b>9 </b></a></i>Mack Maloney, "</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Your State's Weirdest Unexplained Phenomenon,"</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> <i>TruTV</i>, Web. www.trutv.com.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="10" style="color: red; font-style: italic;"><b>10 </b></a>"Legends & Folklore: The Maryland Goatman,"<b style="font-style: italic;"> </b></span></span><i>Strange News Daily, </i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Web.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> www.strangenewsdaily.net.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red;"><b>11 </b></a></i>Eric Grundhauser, "Pope Lick Trestle Bridge,</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i>" </i></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i>Atlas Obscura</i>, Web, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/pope-lick-trestle-bridge.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="12" style="color: red; font-style: italic;"><b>12 </b></a>Ibid.<br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red; font-style: italic;"><b>13 </b></a>Nick Redfern, </span></span><b style="font-style: italic;">Memoirs of a Monster Hunter </b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(Newburyport, MA: New Page Books, 2007), 179-182.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red;"><b>14 </b></a></i>Linda Godfrey, </span></span><i><b><i>Strange Wisconsin: More Badger State Weirdness </i></b></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(Milwaukee: Big Earth Publishing, 2007), 38.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="15" style="color: red;"><b>15 </b></a></i>Rob Morphy, "</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The Goatman," </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>American Monsters</i>, October 12, 2010, Web, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">http://www.americanmonsters.com.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="16" style="color: red;"><b>16 </b></a></i>Linda Kalof, </span></span><i><b><i>Looking at Animals in Human History</i></b> </i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(London: Reaktion Books, 2007), 14.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>17 </b></a></i>Ernest Budge, </span></span><i><b><i>The Gods of the Egyptians: Or, Studies in Egyptian Mythology, Volume 2 </i></b></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(London: Methuen & Co, 1904), 353.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="18" style="color: red;"><b>18 </b></a></i>Asim Kumar Chatterjee, </span></span><i><b>The Cult of Skanda-Karttikeya in Ancient India</b></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> (Calcutta: Punthi Pustak, 1970) 1</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">06-07.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="19" style="color: red;"><b>19 </b></a></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Patricia Merivale, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b style="font-style: italic;">Pan the Goat-God: His Myth in Modern Times </b>(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1969).</span><b style="font-style: italic;"> </b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="20" style="color: red;"><b>20 </b></a></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">John Coughlin, </span></span></span><i><b><b><i>Out of the Shadows: An Exploration of Dark Paganism and Magick</i></b> </b></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(Bloomington: 1st Book Publishing, 2002), 158-59.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="21" style="color: red;"><b>21 </b></a></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">R.F. Willetts, "Satyrs," in </span></span></span><i style="font-weight: bold;">Man, Myth & Magic: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Supernatural, vol. 18 </i>(Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Corp, 1970), 2481</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="22" style="color: red;"><b>22 </b></a></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Luke Roman, </span></span></span><i><b><b><i>Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology</i></b></b></i> (New York: Fact on File, 2010), 172.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="23" style="color: red;"><b>23 </b></a></i></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span">John McCannon, "</span></span></span>Veles," <i>Encyclopedia Mythica</i>, Web, https://pantheon.org. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="24" style="color: red;"><b>24 </b></a></i>G. Rodney Avant, </span></span><i><b><i>A Mythological Reference</i></b>, </i>(Bloomington: AuthorHouse, 2005), 135.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="25" style="color: red;"><b>25 </b></a></i>Avant, 37-38.<i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="26" style="color: red;"><b>26 </b></a></i>Montague Witzel, "</span></span>Cernunnos: The Celtic Horned God,"<i> Isis Books</i>, Web, https://store.isisbooks.com/Cernunnos_s/400.htm.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="27" style="color: red;"><b>27 </b></a></i>William Butler Yeats, <i style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry</i>, (London: Walter Scott Publishing, 1890).<i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="28" style="color: red;"><b>28 </b></a></i></span></span>Richard Cavendish, "Goat," in <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><b><i>Man, Myth & Magic: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Supernatural, vol. 8</i></b> </i></span></span>(Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Corp, 1970), 1121.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="29" style="color: red;"><b>29 </b></a></i>Matthew 25:41, "The Sheep and the Goats."<i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="30" style="color: red;"><b>30 </b></a></i>Jeffrey Burton Russell, </span></span><i><b><i>Lucifer: The Devil in the Middle Ages </i></b></i>(Cornell, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984), 211. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="31" style="color: red;"><b>31 </b></a></i></span></span>Richard Cavendish, "Goat," in <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><b><i>Man, Myth & Magic: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Supernatural, vol. 8 </i></b></i></span></span>(Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Corp, 1970), 1118.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="32" style="color: red;"><b>32 </b></a></i>Joe Durbin, "</span></span>Skinwalkers,"<i> </i> <i>Weird U.S.</i>, Web, http://www.weirdus.com/states/arizona/fabled_people_and_places/skinwalkers/index.php.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="33" style="color: red;"><b>33 </b></a></i>Darin Fenger, "</span></span>Goat Man: Legend Endures with Quechan Indian Tribe,"<i> </i><i>YumaSun.com</i>, Web, www.yumasun.com.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="34" style="color: red; font-style: italic;"><b>34 </b></a>"History of Maryland Bigfoot,"<i> </i><i>The Search for Maryland Bigfoot</i>, Web, http://www.oocities.org/marylandbigfoot/History.html. </span><i><br />
</i></span>
Mark Laskeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09221596829655982430noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4460192715541619034.post-70206354466261388102013-08-03T14:57:00.002-07:002018-07-02T22:10:31.370-07:00Throwing the Babies Out with the Bathwater<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-size: x-large;">The Skeletal Remains of Ashkelon</span></span></span></span></b></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
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<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Every so often an archaeological dig
will turn up something mysterious that leaves scholars scratching
their heads in wonder and amazement. And then there's excavations,
like that of an ancient sewer in Ashkelon, that leave them downright
horrified...<br /><br />Ashkelon was a port city on what is now the shores
of Israel's southern Mediterranean coast. The first known inhabitants
were the Canaanites, who settled the area during the Bronze Age. Due
to it's natural harbor and strategic position along trade routes it
became one of the most important cities of the ancient world and, as
a result, changed hands between various conquering forces over the
years. It was eventually destroyed during the Crusades in 1191.<br /><br />In 1988, archeologists from Harvard
University were digging through one of the city's Roman-era sewers
when they stumbled across hundreds of tiny bones. At first these
were thought to be the bones of small animals. But upon closer inspection they turned
out to be human. Human, infant bones. What they discovered was the
remains of 97 babies, the largest infant mass
grave ever unearthed.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimU3WCNwT-SVJzQde7MTXLfBOR-VGYpY0Qn4wTL1DpoiRdpXBIyETh0l22dGgQ3dyc6LnftAbTWtpdw7o9E1qbvkdOxy6k4M7T1KIIg0ssu2KcAEhgHuFuXwZYKC78AB0aTPYfTXRGahP-/s1600/_48165641_infant_skeleton_512.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimU3WCNwT-SVJzQde7MTXLfBOR-VGYpY0Qn4wTL1DpoiRdpXBIyETh0l22dGgQ3dyc6LnftAbTWtpdw7o9E1qbvkdOxy6k4M7T1KIIg0ssu2KcAEhgHuFuXwZYKC78AB0aTPYfTXRGahP-/s320/_48165641_infant_skeleton_512.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />The bodies had been discarded along
with animal bones, pottery fragments, coins and scattered trash.
There were no signs of funerary practices or associated items, contrasting sharply
with the infant burial jars from the same period discovered a
few hundred yards away. And when the remains were brought to the Hebrew
University in Jerusalem for further study it was determined
that none of the babies had lived more than a week and all were healthy at
the time of death (showing no signs of disease, deformities or
illness). So why were they dumped here?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />To the Romans, it was believed that a
new-born child was not yet fully human. If an infant was ill or
unwanted it was common to abandon it in a practice known as
“exposure”, whereby the gods would determine it's fate. According
to Prof. Patricia Smith, a forensic anthropologist who studied the
bones: "We know that infanticide was widely practiced by the
ancient Greeks and Romans. It was regarded as the parents' right if
they didn't want a child. Usually they killed girls. Boys were
considered more valuable – as heirs or for support in old age.
Girls were sometimes viewed as burdens, especially if they needed a
dowry to marry."<br /><br />But the theory of female infanticide
was quickly dispelled. To everyone's surprise the majority of bones
were determined to be those of male babies. Many skeletons were
incomplete, but scientists managed to extract the DNA from 43 left
femurs (thigh bones), and were successful in 19 cases. Fourteen of
these were male, and only five female. The results were checked by making
multiple DNA extractions from each bone, obtaining the same results in
17 of the specimens.<br /><br />The excavated sewer is located
underneath a Roman bathhouse, in what is thought to have once been
Ashkelon's red light district. In addition to erotic pottery found in
and around the site, the inscription "Enter and Enjoy"
was carved in Greek on a tub near the entrance – leading
archeologists to the conclusion that it doubled as a brothel.
Considering the significant number of male remains, it was suggested
that these infants may have been the unwanted offspring of the women
who worked here. Although prostitution was a profession that involved
both sexes in the Roman world, researchers believe that there would have been much more demand for women (most of who were abandoned
children that had been rescued and reared to work in the brothels at
an early age). The “excess” males may have simply been killed and
discarded. <br /><br />But there is no unified theory on the origin of these remains, and studies continue in the effort to unravel the mystery of Ashkelon's infant mass grave. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">published by</span><b> <a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/throwing-the-babies-out-with-the-bathwater-the-skeletal-remains-of-ashkelon/"><span style="font-size: medium;">CVLT NATION</span></a></b></span><a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/the-great-dying-new-englands-coastal-plague-1616-1619/"><b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">(September 19, 2014)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/no-gods-no-masters-blasphemy-desecration-and-anticlerical-violence-during-the-spanish-civil-war/"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="background-color: black; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">SOURCES
</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></div>
<div>
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<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Faerman, Marina. "Determining the Sex of Infanticide
Victims from the Late Roman Era through Ancient DNA Analysis." <i>Journal
of Archaeological Science</i>. Volume 25, Issue 9 (September 1998).</span></span></span><br />
</li>
<li><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gore, Rick. "Ancient Ashkelon." <i>National
Geographic</i> (January 2001).</span></span></span><br />
</li>
<li><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Rose, Mark. "Ashkelon's Dead Babies." <i>Archaeology: A Publication of the Archaeological Institute of America</i>. Volume 50, Issue 2 (March/April 1997).</span></span></span></li>
<li>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sawford, Tom. "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Brothels, Baths and Babes: Prostitution in the Byzantine Holy Land."</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>My Byzantine Blog: Making
Byzantium Live for People Today</i>. August 17, 2010. </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">https://mybyzantine.wordpress.com.</span></div>
</li>
</ul>
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Mark Laskeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09221596829655982430noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4460192715541619034.post-75639768598713091672013-07-16T17:54:00.000-07:002018-10-03T17:23:37.930-07:00Mors Medicina<span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="font-size: x-large;">Cannibalistic Healing Practices in the
Civilized World</span></span></span></span></b></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br /><br />As British colonialist expansion brought traders, whalers
and missionaries to the South Pacific, gruesome tales of cannibalism
among the savage natives they encountered began to trickle back to a horrified public at home. </span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9rmnMAYra1sc_zsXYBMQMVn4xKWQAKjCSDDBUHxStN3rwXZ0PyNbG-Jy-b9tdPWbul8UQb_Fr6fI7o5d-BCstBuxFOW88Ox5azZ1hq6xhe1Xcn3msiCm8XooBudAd7X2nTbt-gBLkSw6X/s1600/300px-'Death_of_Captain_James_Cook',_oil_on_canvas_by_George_Carter,_1783.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9rmnMAYra1sc_zsXYBMQMVn4xKWQAKjCSDDBUHxStN3rwXZ0PyNbG-Jy-b9tdPWbul8UQb_Fr6fI7o5d-BCstBuxFOW88Ox5azZ1hq6xhe1Xcn3msiCm8XooBudAd7X2nTbt-gBLkSw6X/s1600/300px-'Death_of_Captain_James_Cook',_oil_on_canvas_by_George_Carter,_1783.jpg" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">To the civilized
sensibilities of the British, the thought of 'godless men' consuming
the flesh of their slain enemies was an abomination, the high mark of
immorality. Captain James Cook – explorer, cartographer, and
eventual main course at a Hawaiian warriors' banquet – wrote of the
New Zealand Maori: “Few consider what a savage man [is] in his
original state. […] This custom of eating their enemies slain in
battle has undoubtedly been handed down to them from the earliest
times. It is not an easy matter to break a nation of its ancient
customs [that] let them be so inhuman and savage, especially if that
nation is void of all religious principles.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1" style="color: red;"><sup>1</sup></a><br /><br />The horror generated by these cannibalistic
practices was used to justify the suppression or elimination of
native populations on the basis of racial, cultural, and moral
superiority over “primeval savagery”. The colonial project was
not only about expanding whaling and trade routes, but also of
civilizing a 'godless and savage' world.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />The great irony in all this
Eurocentric 'Age of Empire' arrogance is that a popular culture of cannibalism existed simultaneously
among the British people, as it did in other civilized European
countries at the time. They drank human blood, ate human flesh, made
ointments from human fat, and manufactured drugs from powdered human
skulls. Nearly every part of the human body was used to treat the
ailments and afflictions of the day: hair, brain, heart, skin, liver,
urine, menstrual blood, placenta, earwax, saliva, and feces.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#2" name="top2" style="color: red;"><sup>2</sup></a><br /><br />For hundreds of years, Europeans –
rich and poor, educated and illiterate – routinely participated in
acts of cannibalism. When acknowledged at all, corpse medicine is
thought of as a few bizarre, but isolated, folk remedies relegated to
the ancient and medieval periods. But in reality these cannibalistic
healing practices were widely used, and the peak in their popularity
coincided with the social and scientific revolutions of the
Renaissance and the Early Modern Era... and in Britain they
remained popular right up through the Victorian Age.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<b><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">CHRISTIAN EUROPE DEVELOPS A TASTE FOR HUMAN FLESH</span></span></span></span></b><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="en-GB"><i><br /></i></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="en-GB"><i>So Jesus said to
them, "Very truly, I tell you, unless you eat the flesh of the
Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you.</i></span><span lang="en-US"><i>..”</i></span> – John 6:53</span></span></span></span></blockquote>
</div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;">To better understand the history of corpse medicine its necessary to look back on some of the more macabre healing practices used by the Christian faithful, going back to Roman times – where the consumption of human flesh and blood often went beyond communion metaphor. The inter-connection between
the dead and the divine has always been an important part of Christian
ritual. As early as the second
century, if not earlier, the veneration of “relics” (bones, blood
and body parts of martyred saints) became associated with healing and
miracles. The body and earthly remains of Christian martyrs provided a spiritual link between life and death, between man and God,
and through this link miracles were believed possible:</span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">“<i>And
Elisha died, and they buried him. And the bands of the Moabites
invaded the land at the coming in of the year. […] and it came to
pass, as they were burying a man, that, behold, they spied a band of
men; and they cast the man into the tomb of Elisha; and when the man
was let down, and touched the bones of Elisha, he revived, and stood
up on his feet.”</i> – 2 <span style="background-color: black;">Kings 13:20-21</span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><span style="color: white;">The collection of relics gained wide popularity in the 4th
century during the persecution of Christians under Emperor Diocletian.
Faithful believers claimed miraculous healing powers in these postmortem
remains and flocked to the catacombs that housed them, praying over the bodies of dead martyrs... occasionally
leaving with grisly souvenirs in hand (the theft of relics became so
widespread that they were eventually transferred to above-ground
basilicas where they could be better looked after). </span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDwJ3YRbnLcF4dXtRpEBZ2uEQ4XlXIAJ8lkt-gq9EsRQfJWyxAFU9UXdCBMA1WSn3izNt0MwZVppzk0sFscOX0hhVsOCl4r2xYe9fwhp_ZCdfekXWpzECVVHGECJplFPWY0GdGdS4p7EZD/s1600/tumblr_lrujmwRkGS1qa18sao1_500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDwJ3YRbnLcF4dXtRpEBZ2uEQ4XlXIAJ8lkt-gq9EsRQfJWyxAFU9UXdCBMA1WSn3izNt0MwZVppzk0sFscOX0hhVsOCl4r2xYe9fwhp_ZCdfekXWpzECVVHGECJplFPWY0GdGdS4p7EZD/s320/tumblr_lrujmwRkGS1qa18sao1_500.jpg" width="204" /></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;">Healing
miracles continued to be reported through the years by people who touched or prayed over
the corpses of dead saints<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">:</span> Saint Francis Xavier, a healer in life who's
deceased body mysteriously avoided decomposition for nearly 400 years,
is said to have healed various ailments and afflictions by those who
have touched his corpse<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>3</sup></a> The mummified head of Saint Catherine of Siena (who, when alive,
performed a healing ritual for a dying woman where she "twice forced
herself to overcome nausea by thrusting her mouth into the putrefying
breast […] and drank her pus"),<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#4" name="top4" style="color: red;"><sup>4</sup></a> on
display at the Church of San Domenico in Siena, Italy, is also said to
be imbued with healing powers<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> In central Italy, pilgrims would
pour olive oil into the open holes of the tomb of the martyred Saint
Felix and collect the drippings that ran through his bones and came
out at the base to anoint the sick<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#5" name="top5" style="color: red;"><sup>5</sup></a>
An oily substance that is said to heal “against diseases of the
body and the soul” flows from the decomposed body of St. Walburga,
which is regularly collected in a silver cup and distributed among
the faithful in small vials<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#6" name="top6" style="color: red;"><sup>6</sup></a> In Bavaria, pilgrims drink blessed wine from the
ornamented skull of Saint Sebastian with the promise of good health<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#7" name="top7" style="color: red;"><sup>7</sup></a> And at the Convent of the Blessed Virgin at York,
touching the hand of the martyred Margaret Clitheroe is believed to
cure “maladies of the throat”.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#8" name="top8" style="color: red;"><sup>8</sup></a> </span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />There are also occasions in church history when the hunger for saintly
remains was so great that the pretense of healing miracles wasn't
even a motivating factor. While venerating the skeletal arm of Mary
Magdalene, preserved at Fécamp, in Northern France, the twelfth
century bishop Hugh of Lincoln (who was himself later canonized in
1220) felt compelled to chew off part of the finger bone. When
challenged by the guardians of the precious relic, he defended
himself by saying that if he could eat Christ's body [in the Catholic
mass] then he could certainly chew on Magdalene's arm.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#9" name="top9" style="color: red;"><sup>9</sup></a><br /><br />By the
Middle Ages these ghoulish practices were no longer limited to dead
saints. Christian Europe had developed a more general hunger for
human flesh and blood.<br /><br />According to
Saint Aquinas, “the whole soul is in the whole body and in each
part thereof”.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#10" name="top10" style="color: red;"><sup>10</sup></a>
Following this logic, “certain Christian practitioners seem to have
believed that it was possible to consume the powers of the human
soul” and “make use of the force of the soul, alchemically
processing and transforming the raw material of the body.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#11" name="top11" style="color: red;"><sup>11</sup></a> This belief
parallels those of various “savage” warrior societies who feasted
on their slain enemies in order to consume their 'essence' or
'life-force'. <br /><br />Whether as practiced “soul consumption” or a crude form of psychological warfare, during the First Crusades there are
numerous accounts of Christian soldiers who feasted on the flesh of Muslims.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#12" name="top12" style="color: red;"><sup>12</sup></a> According to t<span lang="en-US">he
Crusaders' chronicler at the time, Radulph of Caen, "[O]ur troops boiled pagan adults in cooking pots; they impaled children
on spits and devoured them grilled."</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#13" name="top13" style="color: red;"><sup>13</sup></a> </span></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />THERE IS POWER IN THE BLOOD</span></span></b><i><br /></i></span></span></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>For the life of the flesh is in the
blood, and I have given it for you on the altar to make atonement for
your souls, for it is the blood that makes atonement by the life.</i> – Leviticus 17:11</span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></span></span>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Blood in particular was believed to
contain the essence of life and the human spirit, which could be
transferred directly through its consumption. The German Dominican
friar, Saint Albertus Magus (1206-1280), often credited as being the
greatest scientist of his day, prescribed 'a most precious water'
that contained the distilled blood of a healthy man. He claimed “any
disease of the body, if it be anointed therewith, is made whole, and
all inward diseases by the drinking thereof. A small quantity thereof
received, restoreth them that have lost all strength: it cureth the
palsy effectuously, and preserveth the body from all sickness.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#14" name="top14" style="color: red;"><sup>14</sup></a><br /><br />It's recorded that, in 1483, King Louis XI struggled for life by drinking the blood of small
children as a means of revival. “Every day he grew worse," according to his physician, "and the
medicines profited him nothing, though of a strange character; for he
vehemently hoped to recover by the human blood which he took and
swallowed from certain children.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#15" name="top15" style="color: red;"><sup>15</sup></a> In
1492, while Pope Innocent VIII lay semi-comatose on his death bed
after an apoplectic stroke, his doctor bled three young Shepard boys
and had the pope drink it as a crude form of blood transfusion. The
“transfusion” was unsuccessful. The boys died, as did the pope.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#16" name="top16" style="color: red;"><sup>16</sup></a> <br /><br />Some
monks even prepared a blood “marmalade of sorts" for medicinal
purposes. The 1679 recipe from a Franciscan apothecary advised the cooks to
“let [the blood] dry into a sticky mess [and then] place it upon a
flat, smooth table of soft wood, and cut it into little slices,
allowing its watery part to drip away. When it is no longer dripping,
place it on a stove and stir it to a batter with a knife. When it is
absolutely dry, place it immediately in a very warm bronze mortar,
and pound it, forcing it through a sieve of finest silk. When it has
been sieved, seal it in a glass jar. Renew it in the spring of every
year.”<sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#17" name="top17" style="color: red;">17</a></sup></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></span></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">THE ALCHEMY OF THE DEAD</span></b></span><i> </i></span></span></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><br />“We
preserve our life with the death of others. In a dead thing insensate
life remains which, when it is reunited with the stomachs of the
living, regains sensitive and intellectual life.”</i> – Leonardo
da Vinci</span></span></span></span></blockquote>
</div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCGwVHt0x5_D9hny_ZTqVz-ydTc61oKDN5YpgBVd9jQjwttuNkzaZZbZQJbTm_cGCph2n415qAhtONzN3BIWEF1F9SgmngkfjwsPCOWyonqd8TarHUzt5_NSBqLDAAzqIXddCzL9pi5IGJ/s1600/vitriol.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCGwVHt0x5_D9hny_ZTqVz-ydTc61oKDN5YpgBVd9jQjwttuNkzaZZbZQJbTm_cGCph2n415qAhtONzN3BIWEF1F9SgmngkfjwsPCOWyonqd8TarHUzt5_NSBqLDAAzqIXddCzL9pi5IGJ/s1600/vitriol.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">By the time of the Renaissance
faith-based healing miracles gave way to a more scientific approach in medical
practice. The religious superstitions of the past were being replaced
by a more humanist and modern outlook in the popular consciousness,
and as a result great advances were made in the areas of biology, chemistry and medicine. Interestingly enough, it was during this period that
medicinal cannibalism became even more popular in its everyday use.<br /><br />At this crossroads of science,
spirituality, medicine and the macabre was the art of
alchemy.<br /><br />Alchemy is often thought of as a pseudo-science, a
fraudulent forerunner to chemistry motivated primarily by the promise
of wealth through the transmutation of base metals into gold. But
there is a fairly complex spiritual, philosophical and holistic side
of alchemy that goes much deeper than this common misunderstanding of
the subject. The basic philosophical unpinning is the belief that the
universe is a unity, that everything is inter-connected. The
alchemists found a principle of unity and order in a
universally-binding substance they referred to as '<span style="font-style: normal;">First
Matter' – which </span>wasn't matter in the normal sense of the
word, but rather the <i>possibility of matter</i>.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#18" name="top18" style="color: red;"><sup>18</sup></a> It was the essential substance from which all
other substances formed and alchemists believed that if you could
reduce a substance to this original material you could
manipulate or construct it into another substance (ie, lead into
gold).<br /><br />How this alchemical philosophy informed
the practice of corpse medicine is simple: old matter decomposes, and
through this decomposition it becomes the raw material once more
malleable and able to take on new qualities. Alchemists thought of
this malleable material like a new seed of a plant; when the plant
dies it turns to seed, the seed germinates in the ground giving birth
to a new plant.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#19" name="top19" style="color: red;"><sup>19</sup></a> Through the
rendering or distillation of human organic matter, a 'base essence of
life' could be derived and utilized in the homeopathic treatment of
sickness and disease. As bizarre as this might seem, the basic
premise – at least in theory – is not any more outlandish than
the use of stem cell therapy today.<br /></span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">MAGIC INTO SCIENCE</span></b></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><br />"Decay is the beginning of all
birth – and of all health”</i> – Paracelsus</span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Swiss-born physician Theophrastus
Bombastus von Hohenheim (1491-1541), better known as Paracelsus, was
the first person to advocate an essentially 'chemical view' of the
world. He saw the living organism as a complex of different
substances, each of which could be understood and affected through
specific medicinal powers, and anticipated the basic disciplines that
constitute modern medicine – pharmacy, physiology, biochemistry and
drug-therapy.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#20" name="top20" style="color: red;"><sup>20</sup></a> He was also an enthusiastic
alchemist and a crucial figure in the history of corpse medicine.</span></span></span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1U8Dhrp6WsjvAKvGII_JOUOOhkbFEr3GQesPDZ9Q7pHRlIaa1JGeHMVexm59VguNEjrdM58XdNbX7i6YCHvhJragybTxv5OnJlCK2fPYkMQ0cyqBMkYfZqRqJNWy2BvLibA3W2xNxs94O/s1600/paracelsus-portrait.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1U8Dhrp6WsjvAKvGII_JOUOOhkbFEr3GQesPDZ9Q7pHRlIaa1JGeHMVexm59VguNEjrdM58XdNbX7i6YCHvhJragybTxv5OnJlCK2fPYkMQ0cyqBMkYfZqRqJNWy2BvLibA3W2xNxs94O/s320/paracelsus-portrait.jpg" width="256" /></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Paracelsus wrote about the curative
benefits of drinking warm human blood and advocated harvesting the corpses of </span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">executed criminals for medical purposes. “[I]f
physicians or any </span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">other body understood but the right use of [a corpse], or what it is good for," he argued, "not any malefactors would be left
three days on the gallows, or continue on the wheel” <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#21" name="top21" style="color: red;"><sup>21</sup></a> Fresh cadavers,
where the individual died a recent and violent death, were especially
valued for their healing properties. The assumption being that all
organisms have a predetermined life span, and if a body died in an
unnatural way, the remainder of that person's life could be
harvested. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#22" name="top22" style="color: red;"><sup>22</sup></a><br /><br />He also championed for the medicinal use of
“mummy”. For years European
practitioners of corpse medicine had claimed a wide variety of uses for Egyptian mummies, curing everything from headaches
to stomach ulcers. Plasters made from mummy powder could be
applied to sores, bruises or tumors, and distilled with herbs and
ingested as a general “elixir of life” for good health.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#23" name="top23" style="color: red;"><sup>23</sup></a> The supposed virtue was
originally based on the medicinal properties of natural bitumen, a
black tar-like substance sometimes used in preserving the dead in
ancient Middle Eastern cultures (unfortunately most Egyptian mummies
were embalmed with resin, not bitumen).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#24" name="top24" style="color: red;"><sup>24</sup></a><br /><br />However, from Paracelsus's medical
journals it's clear that he is not talking about the ancient remains
of pharaohs, but rather those of the recently deceased. He believed that the healing virtue of "mummy" was not found in the
bituminous or resinous preparation of the corpse, but in the actual
corpse itself.
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#25" name="top25" style="color: red;"><sup>25</sup></a> Mummy, or <i>mummia</i>,
eventually became a medical term that referred to the “medicinal
preparation of the remains of an embalmed, dried, or otherwise
'prepared' body that had ideally met with sudden, preferably violent
death”.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#26" name="top26" style="color: red;"><sup>26</sup></a><br /><br />Oswald Croll, a German alchemist and follower of
Paracelsus, described the preparation of a curative
supplement consisting of “mummy” in his <i>Basilica Chymica</i>
(1608). A physician was to “[t]ake the fresh corpse of a red-haired, uninjured,
unblemished man, 24 years old and killed no more than one day before,
preferably by hanging, breaking on the wheel or impaling… Leave it
one day and one night in the light of the sun and the moon, then cut
into strips." He also gave instruction on how best to mask the taste of the decomposing flesh, suggesting one "[s]prinkle on a little powder of myrrh to prevent it from
being too bitter. Steep in spirit of wine for several days. As the
foulness of it causes an intolerable humidity in the stomach, it is a
good idea to macerate the mummy with oil.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#27" name="top27" style="color: red;"><sup>27</sup></a><br /><br />A Paracelsian physician named Edward
Bolnest noted in his <i>Aurora Chymica</i> that British doctors were making use of Croll's recipe by the 1600s. In it
he describes a “mummial quintessence” made from “the flesh of a
sound young man dying a violent death”. Three or four pounds of
flesh should “be taken from his thighs or other fleshy parts” and
put into a suitable glass container with a “highly rectified spirit
of wine.” The recipe goes on to describe a curing process with salt
before pounding the dried flesh into “a most subtle powder”.
Bolnest's quintessence of mummy was said to produce “wonderful
effects both in preserving and restoring health”.<sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#28" name="top28" style="color: red;">28</a><br /></sup></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">BRITAIN TAKES MEDICINAL CANNIBALISM INTO THE MODERN AGE</span></b></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />'Tis true. There’s magic in the web of it.<br />A sibyl, that had numbered in the world<br />The sun to course two hundred compasses,<br />In her prophetic fury sewed the work.<br />The worms were hallowed that did breed the silk,<br />And it was dyed in mummy which the skillful<br />Conserved of maidens' hearts.' </span></span></i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Othello, 1603)</span></span><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In this scene from Shakespeare's <i>O</i><i>thello</i>,
Desdemona seeks to apply a handkerchief to her epileptic husband’s
head that was treated with 'mummy' – a cultural reflection of just
how popular corpse medicine had become among the British at that
time.<br /><br />In 1562, a physician from Cambridgeshire named William Bullein
published <i>Bullein's Bulwark of Defence Against All Sickness</i><span style="font-style: normal;">.
This widely read medical book</span><i> </i>contained some of the earliest English-language references to
the medical theories and practices of Paracelsus – including the
use of 'mummy' and blood-medicines. A few years later, John
Bannister, royal surgeon and medical councilor to Queen Elizabeth I,
published his <i>Antidotary Chyrurgical</i><span style="font-style: normal;">
where he described numerous balms, plasters, drinks, powders and oils
made from 'mummy'.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#29" name="top29" style="color: red;"><sup>29</sup></a> Before long the use of corpse medicine had
become widespread at all levels of British society.<br /></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj88ht7ZEXfoLo-LAIGp8iXXsvxTv29Mwk85T6Q58yP47iSQV6tJ99B6XFwe9iB-Qu1V9u-S1NnuTi2sI3FXSSEieSczUgbKq0u-JXgaVVvKwb-xDJPM-sjujOsL33Y_f-r_shyGc2Tl2k_/s1600/Scan0003.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj88ht7ZEXfoLo-LAIGp8iXXsvxTv29Mwk85T6Q58yP47iSQV6tJ99B6XFwe9iB-Qu1V9u-S1NnuTi2sI3FXSSEieSczUgbKq0u-JXgaVVvKwb-xDJPM-sjujOsL33Y_f-r_shyGc2Tl2k_/s320/Scan0003.jpg" width="265" /></a></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Flesh of various sorts was used against
external or internal bleeding (it could also be swallowed for gout or
other inflammations, as an antidote to poison, as a treatment against
fever or diarrhea, and in the form of an ointment it was applied to
hemorrhoids and ulcers). Rendered human fat treated rheumatism,
nervous disorders, gout, wounds, breast cancer, cramps, aches and
melancholy. Fresh blood was used against epilepsy, and in a powdered
form could be used to staunch bleeding.<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span>Powdered skull was <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">another</span>
popular treatment fo<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">r </span>epilepsy and other diseases of the head<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">; </span>“skull
moss” was used to treat nose bleeds or open wounds.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#30" name="top30" style="color: red;"><sup>30</sup></a> Powdered
mummy was used for various illnesses from headaches to heartburn, and
as a topical plaster to treat sores and tumors. Human brain
matter, brewed in “wine and horse manure for half a year before
distilling”, was yet another strange epilepsy treatment. And the
“sweat from the hand of a man who was hanged” was believed to
cure cysts and warts.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#31" name="top31" style="color: red;"><sup>31</sup></a><br /><br />Sir Francis Bacon, often considered the
“Father of Modern Science”, was himself a strong advocate for
corpse medicine. “Mummy” he claimed, “hath great force
Staunching Bloud; </span></span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixWLrOXk0z-1FdaKw3ytAoZ1FZ6Mp7DjLpd8x7AUjpbvoF4jZS-K8zgKf8OGQAG4wy4ewKYhvujvRemjF4saJlhe0vfVN18Y-laMpDalq9pzEGM6YiB53yqbosSKdGCTaJUJoIn3gLixOT/s1600/17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixWLrOXk0z-1FdaKw3ytAoZ1FZ6Mp7DjLpd8x7AUjpbvoF4jZS-K8zgKf8OGQAG4wy4ewKYhvujvRemjF4saJlhe0vfVN18Y-laMpDalq9pzEGM6YiB53yqbosSKdGCTaJUJoIn3gLixOT/s320/17.jpg" width="220" /></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">which, as it may be ascribed to the mixture of the
Balmes, that are glutinous; so it may also partake of a secret
Propriety; in that the Bloud draweth man's flesh.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#32" name="top32" style="color: red;"><sup>32</sup></a> Bacon also details a wound salve in his <i>Sylva
Sylvarum</i> that contains “<span style="font-style: normal;">usnea”</span>.
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#33" name="top33" style="color: red;"><sup>33</sup></a> Usnea, or “skull moss”,
is the mold or mildew that grows on a human skull ("preferably from
the victim of a violent death") that's been left unburied and exposed
to the elements. It has been collected and used for medicinal
purposes since ancient times – and remained an official drug in
England into the late 1800's.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#34" name="top34" style="color: red;"><sup>34</sup></a> It was believed that the soul escaped from the tip of
the head upon dying, but when the person suffered an instant, violent
death, the soul became trapped and contained within the skull.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#35" name="top35" style="color: red;"><sup>35</sup></a> According to Paracelsians,
the collected moss possessed the “vital spirits [that] would burst
forth to the circumference of [the] skull”.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#36" name="top36" style="color: red;"><sup>36</sup></a> By the 17<sup>th</sup> century skull moss was
worth its weight in gold as a remedy for infections, nosebleeds,
epilepsy and head wounds.<br /><br />Dr. Jonathan Goddard, a distinguished
Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, developed a “miracle
remedy” in the 1660s made from both usnea and powdered skull
fragments that he prescribed for fainting, apoplexies, lethargy, and
fatigue. He sold the recipe for £6000 to King Charles II, a
reasonably skilled chemist in his own right, who began distilling
this 'spirit of skull' in his own private laboratory. “The King's
Drops”, as it became known, was the medicine requested by Charles
II while he was on his deathbed in 1685: “The king's condition did
not improve, indeed it grew worse, and in the emergency forty drops
of extract of human skull were administered to allay convulsions”.
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#37" name="top37" style="color: red;"><sup>37</sup></a> A few
years later, in 1694, Queen Mary II lay “ill to extremity” and
was also administered The King's Drops to no affect. She died soon
after.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#38" name="top38" style="color: red;"><sup>38</sup></a><br /><br />Charles II and Mary II weren't the only
cannibals among British aristocracy to use human remains for medical
purposes: Queen Elizabeth I is said to have treated her smallpox
scars with an unguent made from 'man's grease' (rendered human fat);
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#39" name="top39" style="color: red;"><sup>39</sup></a>
Elizabeth Grey, the Countess of Kent, authored a household self-help
book on medicine entitled <i>A Choice Manual, or Rare Secrets in
Physic and Chirurgery </i>in 1653, which included recipes using skull
powder, urine and excrement;<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#40" name="top40" style="color: red;"><sup>40</sup></a> King William III, an epileptic, was treated
regularly with “a preparation of earthworms and human skull”;
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#41" name="top41" style="color: red;"><sup>41</sup></a> And Sir
Theodore Turquet de Mayerne – physician to Henri IV, James I,
Charles I, Charles II and Oliver Cromwell – prescribed treatments
for gout that were “composed of scrapings of an unburied human
skull, herbs, white wine, and whey to be taken at full moon”, and
for bruising he recommended “mummy” derived from “the lungs of
a man who had suffered a violent death”.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#42" name="top42" style="color: red;"><sup>42</sup></a><br /><br />For the afflicted lower classes, who
could hardly afford exotic ingredients like powdered mummy or skull moss,
the consumption of human blood was especially popular. At public
executions it wasn't uncommon for sick commoners to crowd around the
scaffold, cups in hand, waiting to “quaff the red blood as it flows
from the still quavering body” of a freshly executed criminal.
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#43" name="top43" style="color: red;"><sup>43</sup></a> The blood of royals in particular was believed to
have almost divine healing qualities. When Charles I was tried for
treason and publicly beheaded in 1649 a near-riot broke out as
bystanders rushed forward to “wash their hands in the royal blood”.
Afterward the executioner was reported to have sold scraps of his
hair and handfuls of blood-soaked sand to the highest bidders.
<sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#44" style="color: red;">44</a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#44" name="top44" style="color: red;"><br /></a></sup></span></span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCrzfKjDUhcZFMADbefwigcWiz2y1OZqNSyV5l7NkvSNFSPJIkKF8MHVQ63c-xuVLgaepBaMp-4Sj1Nw3hLODnYtxGQG_boXPg-ouc1DIyYoHY4TIqXQx7qWyLTuqNGk6MCcwFBKMPNsgj/s1600/325_15_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCrzfKjDUhcZFMADbefwigcWiz2y1OZqNSyV5l7NkvSNFSPJIkKF8MHVQ63c-xuVLgaepBaMp-4Sj1Nw3hLODnYtxGQG_boXPg-ouc1DIyYoHY4TIqXQx7qWyLTuqNGk6MCcwFBKMPNsgj/s320/325_15_2.jpg" width="305" /></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The 17<sup>th</sup> century pioneering
chemist and founding fellow of the Royal Society, Robert Boyle,
devoted extensive research to the medicinal use of 'blood therapies'.
In his <i>Memoirs for the History of Humane Blood</i> (1683) he
extols the use of human blood for a variety of different ailments –
including asthma, epilepsy, acute fevers, pleurisy, consumption,
hysteria, convulsions, palsy, distemper and jaundice.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#45" name="top45" style="color: red;"><sup>45</sup></a> British
pharmacists made oils from human blood well into the late 18<sup>th</sup>
century that were reputed to cure most illnesses, and also extracted
the salts to alleviate headaches and joint pains.<sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#46" name="top46" style="color: red;">46</a></sup></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><b style="background-color: transparent; color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A GHOULISH INDUSTRY</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">By the 17<sup>th</sup> century, the
entirety of a human cadaver was thought to have some healing value
and was accordingly harvested for the raw ingredients that would
produce various elixirs, powders and salves. To meet this demand a
booming industry developed around the cannibalistic trade in human
bodies.<br /><br />As far back as the 12<sup>th</sup>
century, European exporters had been raiding tombs in Egypt and
shipping mummies across the Mediterranean Sea to apothecaries in
large quantities. Eventually the demand for Egyptian mummies reached
such heights that it inspired fraud as traders decided it was more
profitable to kill slaves, stuff them with bitumen and dry their
bodies in the sun, and then sell the corpses as genuine ancient
mummy.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#47" name="top47" style="color: red;"><sup>47</sup></a> In addition to
these counterfeits, merchants also turned to sources like the Canary
Islands, off the northwest coast of Africa, where the Guanche people
once practiced mummification as a funerary practice. After Spain
invaded the Canary Islands in 1402, thousands of mummies were found
in caves – almost none of which are in existence today because
they were ground into powder and sold as medicine.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#48" name="top48" style="color: red;"><sup>48</sup></a> By the 1650s, mummy was a popular
enough commodity to be included in a list of items subject to import
duty, with a tax of one shilling per pound.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#49" name="top49" style="color: red;"><sup>49</sup></a><br /><br />The widespread practice of
blood-letting during this period provided a more than sufficient
source for fresh blood. Surgeons were even known to collect the blood of their customers in glass jars and display them
in their shop windows for sale.<sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#50" name="top50" style="color: red;">50</a><br /></sup></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmWdK0JqXA86JNjKauV8fqVUXUZ3WgKXgFxgFJtUMGRjl-dwoYTfbUSdxJ4GzgCqJl7mRK3xXHSYW7aB9mhAoKquEnUw7iaOcY5DHtQhL4s-00Nmrj1Ot3pC9A2r6YEFAvpKwEb0CaJerC/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="229" data-original-width="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmWdK0JqXA86JNjKauV8fqVUXUZ3WgKXgFxgFJtUMGRjl-dwoYTfbUSdxJ4GzgCqJl7mRK3xXHSYW7aB9mhAoKquEnUw7iaOcY5DHtQhL4s-00Nmrj1Ot3pC9A2r6YEFAvpKwEb0CaJerC/s1600/1.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Demand for usnea and powdered skull resulted in the import of tens of thousands of Irish </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">skulls from those killed in 16th and 17th-century battles. For a period of time the skull trade </span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">represented the largest British import from Ireland, with Irish skulls being displayed in the shops of London chemists well into the 1800s. Particularly valuable were the moss-covered skulls of the dead who had been deliberately left to rot on the battlefield, which could be worth up to eleven shillings each (a small fortune at the time). Like mummies, the trade was so lucrative that the English imposed an import tax, called <i>cranium humanum</i>, of one shilling per skull.</span></span></span></span><sup style="background-color: black; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#49" name="top49" style="color: red;">5</a><span style="color: red;">1</span></sup><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: 13.3333px;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: white;">Body snatching was another means by
which corpses and bones were harvested and manufactured into
pharmaceuticals. </span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">By the 17<sup>th</sup> century this practice reached
epidemic proportions in Britain, supplying both the needs of the
proliferating number of anatomy schools at the time and those of
chemists and physicians who used the corpses for medicinal purposes.
Rising demand, and sometimes severe shortages, caused prices to
fluctuate, but the general drift was upwards. By the 1790s, one
London gang was said to have been selling adult corpses for “two
guineas and a crown”.<sup style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#52" name="top52" style="color: red;">52</a><br /></sup></span></span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlKFos8NvqkaNfj5LFjq2dR5WHFqVSxq3cHkgO0HY1Ktzyg5r6WQEbadF4gXzkRy8lTCWD_bkBEWEYsGCRTi0TXU2rZ7c4ticsSY4K4p7kFiCtTNAX8aMaYFF0F9YAqAk2dTCNVdxlXoOE/s1600/head1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="529" data-original-width="657" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlKFos8NvqkaNfj5LFjq2dR5WHFqVSxq3cHkgO0HY1Ktzyg5r6WQEbadF4gXzkRy8lTCWD_bkBEWEYsGCRTi0TXU2rZ7c4ticsSY4K4p7kFiCtTNAX8aMaYFF0F9YAqAk2dTCNVdxlXoOE/s200/head1.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Executed criminals were regularly snatched from scaffolds and gibbets and sold to the apothecaries
and druggists. The famous par-boiled and tar-preserved heads of executed traitors displayed on London Bridge also found healing purpose in the 1560s. Workers from the Royal Mint who were suffering from arsenic poisoning were given some of these mummified heads as medicinal cups, from which they consumed a noxious elixir prescribed for their headaches and lightheadedness</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#52" name="top52" style="color: red;"><sup>53</sup></a></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#52" name="top52" style="color: red;"></a></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Even ancient burial sites were seen as a bountiful
source for medicinal ingredients. In 1685, it was reported by authorities that a Dr. Toope of Marlborough
removed “many bushels of bones” from the ancient stone circle on
Overton Hill, in the Avebury countryside, so he could produce what he
referred to as “a noble medicine”.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#53" name="top53" style="color: red;"><sup>54</sup></a></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">CONCLUSION</span></span></span></b></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />By the mid-18<sup>th</sup> century
corpse medicine was on the decline. The rise of Enlightenment
attitudes to science and superstition and "a desire to create a newly respectable 'medical profession;
[and] a changing attitude toward hygiene, the body and disgust”
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#54" name="top54" style="color: red;"><sup>55</sup></a> were all
contributing factors. However that isn't to say that its use
ended entirely.<br /><br />In 1743, the British physician Robert
James published his <i>Medicinal Dictionary </i><span style="font-style: normal;">where
he </span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;">noted the virtues of human fat as a painkiller, an emollient, an
anti-paralytic, and against gout and contracted nerves. </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#55" name="top55" style="color: red;"><sup>56</sup></a> In his
<i>Pharmacopoeia Universalis</i> (1747) he cites the use of “the
flesh of a mummy” to resolve blood clots, coughs, menstrual
problems and wounds.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#56" name="top56" style="color: red;"><sup>57</sup></a> Around the same time, John
Keogh, a respected Irish clergyman and community physician,
recommended pulverized human heart for dizziness,<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#57" name="top57" style="color: red;"><sup>58</sup></a> warm blood to alleviate
sickness, and powdered mummy for the treatment of gangrenous wounds.
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#58" name="top58" style="color: red;"><sup>59</sup></a><br /><br />Of all the forms of corpse medicine it
was the use of powdered skull and usnea that continued
on the longest in Britain. References can be found into the Victorian
Era, and it may have been used as late as the early 20<sup>th</sup>
century. In 1847, a Bradford man was consulted by a physician to
treat his daughter's epilepsy with “the skull of a young woman, not
decayed and... pound it small, mix it with treacle (molasses), and
give it in small doses to the young woman.” An edition of <i>London
Standard</i> noted that, in 1852, a bottle was found on the shelves
of a chemist at Leamington that was labeled “Moss from a dead man's
skull”, and <i>The Yorkshire Herald</i> reported that skull moss
was still being used to treat headaches as late as 1892.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#59" name="top59" style="color: red;"><sup>60</sup></a><br /><br />The years where the use of corpse medicine was at its peak not only ran parallel to periods of great
social and scientific progress, but also with the age of exploration
and colonial expansion that brought European settlers to all corners
of the globe. The sensibilities of the Old World were shocked and
appalled by the ritualistic forms of New World cannibalism
encountered in the South Pacific, Africa and the Americas – all
while the medicinal consumption of powdered skull, warm blood, and
rendered human flesh routinely took place back home. As Richard Sugg
asks in <i>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires</i>, “[j]ust who were the
real cannibals? Was it those without books, without guns, given to
wearing fewer clothes and worshiping lesser-known gods? Or was it
those who, in their determination to swallow flesh and blood and
bone, threw cannibal trade networks across hundreds of miles of land
and ocean, established cannibal laboratories, sponsored cannibal
body-snatchers, and levied import duties on human bodies and human
skulls?”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#60" name="top60" style="color: red;"><sup>61<span style="color: white;"></span></sup></a></span></span></span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="1"><b><br /><span style="color: red; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> </span></b></a><span style="color: white; font-size: x-small;">Paul Raffaolo, </span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i>Among The Cannibals: Adventures on the Trail of Man's Darkest Ritual</i></b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 138-9. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="2" style="color: red;"><b>2</b></a><span style="color: white;"> Richard Sugg,</span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="2" style="background-color: black; color: red;"><b> </b></a><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b><i>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires: The History of Corpse Medicine from the Renaissance to the Victorians</i></b></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (London: Routledge, 2011), </span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">1.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">
<b style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red;">3 </a></b><span style="color: white;">Jeremy Kingston, </span></span></span><b style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i>Healing Without Medicine</i></b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> (New York: Doubleday, 1976),</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> 65.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red;"><b>4 </b></a><span style="color: white;">Caroline Bynum, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i style="font-weight: bold;">Holy Feast and Holy Fast: The Religious Significance of Food to Medieval Women </i>(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">172-73.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5"><span style="color: red;">5</span></a> </span></b><span style="color: white;">Charles Freeman, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b style="font-style: italic;">Holy Bones, Holy Dust: How Relics Shaped the History of Medieval Europe </b>(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012)<i>,</i></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> 5.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red; font-style: italic;"><b>6 </b></a><span style="color: white;">Michael Ott, "The Oil of Saints<i>," </i></span><span style="color: white;"><i>The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 11</i> (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911). </span><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="7" style="color: red;"><b>7 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Mabel Peacock, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Executed Criminals and Folk Medicine,"</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> <i>Folklore: A Quarterly Review</i>, Volume 7 (1896), 276.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="8" style="color: red;">8 </a></b></i><span style="color: white;">Peacock, 282.</span><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b>9 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Sugg, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires, </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">199.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="10" style="color: red;"><b>10 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Thomas Aquinas, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Summa contra Gentiles </i>(Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame, 1975)<i>,</i></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> 180.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red;"><b>11 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Sugg, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires, </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">173.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="12" style="color: red;"><b>12 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Sarah Everts, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Europe’s Hypocritical History of Cannibalism,"<i> </i></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>, April 25, 2013.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red;"><b>13 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Amin Maalouf, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">The Crusades Through Arab Eyes</i> (New York: Schocken, 1989)<i>, </i></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">37-40.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red;"><b>14 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Sugg, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires, </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">13.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="15" style="color: red;"><b>15 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Henry Clay Trumbull, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">The Blood Covenant: A Primitive Rite and Its Bearings on Scripture </i>(Charleston: Nabu Press, 2010),</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> 124.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="16" style="color: red; font-style: italic;"><b>16 </b></a><span style="color: white;">Philip Bethge, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Europe's 'Medicinal Cannibalism': The Healing Power of Death</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">,"</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> <i>Speigel Online International</i>, January 30, 2009.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>17 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Sugg, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires, </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">20.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="18" style="color: red;"><b>18 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Richard Cavendish, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">The Black Arts: A Concise History of Witchcraft, Demonology, Astrology, Alchemy and other Mystical Practices Throughout the Ages </i>(New York: Penguin, 1983),</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> 138.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="19" style="color: red;"><b>19 </b></a></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Alan G. Hefner, "Alchemy," <i>Mystica Online Encyclopedia</i>.</span></span><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="20" style="color: red;"><b>20 </b></a></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Matthew Wood, </span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Vitalism: The History of Homeopathy, Herbalism and Flower Essences </i>(Berkeley: North Atlantic Books, 2000)<b><i>,</i></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> 2.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="21" style="color: red;"><b>21 </b></a></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Sugg, </span></span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires, </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">20.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="22" style="color: red;"><b>22 </b></a></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Philip Bethge, "</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Europe's 'Medicinal Cannibalism': The Healing Power of Death,"</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> <i>Speigel Online International</i>, January 30, 2009.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="23" style="color: red;"><b>23 </b></a></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Lauren Davis, "</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Powdered Mummy, Gladiator Blood, and other Historical Medicines Made from Human Corpses,"</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black; color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">io9.com.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="24" style="color: red;"><b>24 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Warren R. Dawson, "Mummy as a Drug," <i>Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine</i>, November 2, 1927, 34.</span><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="25" style="color: red;"><b>25 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Dawson, 37-38.</span><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="26" style="color: red;"><b>26 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Karen Gordon-Grube, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Anthropophagy in Post-Renaissance Europe: The Tradition of Medicinal Cannibalism,"</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> <i>American Anthropologist</i>, Issue 90 (1988), 406.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="27" style="color: red;"><b>27 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">Benjamin Breen, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Early Drugs and Medicinal Cannibalism," </span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Res Obscura Blog.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="28" style="color: red;">28</a> </b></i><span style="color: white;">Sugg, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires, </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">52-53.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="29" style="color: red;"><b>29 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Sugg, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires, </b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">23.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="30" style="color: red;"><b>30 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Sugg, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires,</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">14-15.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="color: red; font-style: italic;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="31" style="color: red; font-style: italic;">31 </a></b><span style="color: white;">"Appalling Drugs Made of Human Bodies<i>," </i></span><span style="color: white;">All-Doing Blog, July 14, 2012.</span><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="32" style="color: red;"><b>32 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Heather Pringle, </span></span></span><i style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><b><i>The Mummy Congress: Science, Obsession, and the Everlasting Dead </i></b></span></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">(New York: Hyperion Books, 2002), 289.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="33" style="color: red;"><b>33 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Francis Bacon, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Sylva Sylvarum: or a Natural History in Ten Centuries </i>(Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, 1996),</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> 265.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="34" style="color: red;"><b>34 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Julie Washington, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">The Magical Power of Cannibalism," </span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> <i>Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of History, Religion and the Classics</i>, Volume VI, Issue 1, 2012: 52.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="35" style="color: red; font-style: italic;"><b>35 </b></a><span style="color: white;">"A Primary Source Analysis: Archidoxes of Magic by Theophrastus Paracelsus<i>," </i></span><span style="color: white;">Isseicreekphilosophy Blog.</span><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="36" style="color: red;"><b>36 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Louise Nobel, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Medicinal Cannibalism in Early Modern English Literature and Culture </i>(London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011),</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> 475.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="37" style="color: red;"><b>37 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Howard Wilcox Haggard, </span></span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><span style="background-color: black;">Devils, Drugs and Doctors: T</span></i></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>he Story of the Science of Healing from Medicine Men to Doctor</i></b></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-weight: bold;"> </i>(Charleston: Nabu Press, 2010), </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">334-35.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="38" style="color: red;"><b>38 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Sugg, 64.</span><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="39" style="color: red;"><b>39 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Richard Sugg, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Our Cannibal Kings," </span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i>Mail Online</i>, June 3, 2011.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="40" style="color: red;"><b>40 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Sugg, <i><b>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires</b></i>, 53-54.</span><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="41" style="color: red;"><b>41 </b></a></i></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Sugg, </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">, </span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">228.</span><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="42" style="color: red;"><b>42 </b></a></i></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Sugg, </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">, </span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="color: white;"> </span></i><span style="color: white;">35.</span><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="43" style="color: red;"><b>43 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Peacock, 274.</span><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="44" style="color: red;"><b>44 </b></a></i></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Sugg, </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">,</span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"> 86.</span><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="45" style="color: red;"><b>45 </b></a></i></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Sugg, </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">, </span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">61-62.</span><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="46" style="color: red;"><b>46 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Washington, 53.</span><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="47" style="color: red;"><b>47 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Dawson, 36-37.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="48" style="color: red;"><b>48 </b></a></i></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">James M. Deem, "</span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Medieval Doctors and Their Patients," Mummy Tombs Blog.<i> </i></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="49" style="color: red;"><b>49 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Philip Schwyzer, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Mummy is Become Merchandise: Literature and the Anglo-Egyptian Mummy Trade in the Seventeenth Century </i>(London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005),</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> 75.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="50" style="color: red;"><b>50 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Richard Sugg, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">The Aztecs, Cannibalism and Corpse Medicine," Mexicolore Blog. </span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="51" style="color: red;"><b>51 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Sean O’Riordan, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">British Skulduggery Proved a Healthy Export,"</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> <i>Irish Examiner</i>, May 25, 2011.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="53" style="color: red;"><b>52 </b></a></i></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Sugg, </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">,</span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"> 86.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: black;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="52" style="color: red;"><b>53 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Frances Larson, </span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Severed: A History of Heads Lost and Heads Found </i>(New York: Liveright, 2015)<i>, </i></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">152.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="52" style="color: red;"><b>54 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;">Colin Blakemore & Shelia Jennett, "</span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">Body Snatchers</span><span style="background-color: black;">," </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-weight: bold;">The Oxford Companion to the Body </i>(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).</span></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: white; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="54" style="color: red;"><b style="background-color: black;">55 </b></a></i></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Sugg, </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">,</span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> 264.</span><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="55" style="color: red;"><b>56 </b></a></i></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Sugg, </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">,</span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> 232.</span><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="56" style="background-color: black; color: red;"><b>57 </b></a></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Keith Veronese, "</span></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">The Uncomfortably Common Practice of Medicinal Cannibalism,"</span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> io9.com.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="57" style="color: red;"><b>58 </b></a></i><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">Philip Bethge, "</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;">Europe's 'Medicinal Cannibalism': The Healing Power of Death,"</span></span><span style="color: white; font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><i>Speigel Online International</i>, January 30, 2009.</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: black;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="58" style="color: red;"><b>59 </b></a></i></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Sugg, </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">,</span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> 235.</span><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="59" style="color: red;"><b><br />60 </b></a></i></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Sugg, </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">, </span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">265-67.</span><i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="60" style="color: red;"><b>61 </b></a></i></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Sugg, </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white;"><b>Mummies, Cannibals and Vampires</b></i><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">,</span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> 2.</span></span></span><i style="font-size: small;"><br />
</i></span>
Mark Laskeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09221596829655982430noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4460192715541619034.post-74558094114231913392013-04-27T14:25:00.001-07:002019-03-21T21:12:01.146-07:00Haunted Trees of New England<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">New England is steeped in ghostly legends and folklore, with an unusually high number of haunted sites reported throughout the region: houses, bars or
inns that played host to tragic events where tortured souls still
reside; desolate roads or old cemeteries where lonely spirits walk the night; and whole areas where cursed villages were abandoned or great battles were
fought, charged with the residual energy of the past. There are also haunted trees.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The belief in haunted trees goes back through history and across cultural boundaries. In the folk religion of the ancient Celts, trees were considered a link with the supernatural world. The various Algonquin tribal groups indigenous to
the New England region had similar beliefs regarding tree-dwelling spirits and divinities. And the superstitious Puritans who settled here lived in
constant fear of the dark forces that haunted the wooded areas just
beyond their village walls...</span></span></span><br />
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<a name='more'></a><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">THE HAUNTED ELM OF BARA-HACK</span><br />Pomfret, Connecticut
</b></span></span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In the northeast corner of Connecticut,
about an hour's drive from Hartford, is the town of Pomfret. At the
outskirts of town, hidden in the woods near the Mashamoquet Brook, is
the lost village of Bara-Hack. Little is known of the village’s
actual history. Its founders are said to be two Welshmen: Obadiah Higginbotham, a
deserter from the British navy during the American Revolution, and John Randall, who
settled there sometime before 1780. Apparently, the Randall family
owned slaves that worked their fields and local legend has it that it
was among these slaves that the first reported hauntings were
witnessed, sometime in the early 1800s. They claimed to have seen
ghosts of the recently deceased and “strange gremlin-like creatures
the size of small children” in the branches of the elm tree in the
village cemetery.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Bara-Hack had been abandoned sometime
after the Civil War. All that's left these days are some broken stone
walls, old cellar holes... and the ghostly sounds of village life
that can still be heard, earning it the nickname of “The Village of
Voices”. Children laughing, men and women in conversation, dogs
barking, and horse-drawn carriages rumbling over gravel paths have
all been reported in the area.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlAnLAJz5O5NkSZ7wlwpBUKaMbf5DCrIAlkMRhgwtn7B7gFm3FOnKRAMlMV_bwWoecZUzko6Z_4X9SzKO-anFgPT9c5WhDPf5aehBg8hiW-WsmWoNe_eUfqVkt3E1Rt1DrGZ23DwRzD0AP/s1600/haunted1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlAnLAJz5O5NkSZ7wlwpBUKaMbf5DCrIAlkMRhgwtn7B7gFm3FOnKRAMlMV_bwWoecZUzko6Z_4X9SzKO-anFgPT9c5WhDPf5aehBg8hiW-WsmWoNe_eUfqVkt3E1Rt1DrGZ23DwRzD0AP/s1600/haunted1.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In 1927, Odell Shepard, a professor at
Harvard and Radcliffe College, went to Bara-Hack and wrote, "Although
there is no human habitation for a long distance round about and no
one goes there except the very few who go to listen, yet there is
always a hum and stir of human life[...] It is as though sounds were
able in this place to get round that incomprehensible corner, to
pierce that mysterious soundproof wall that we call Time."</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Most of this activity revolves around
the old village burial grounds, and the haunted elm tree resides just
outside of cemetery's north wall. Blue balls of light have been
sighted in and around the tree, and most famously a spectral baby has
been seen cradled in the branches looking out over the cemetery. The
elm tree has since succumbed to the ravages of time and the elements,
but the trunk still stands over the cemetery wall.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">THE HANGED MEN OF WOLF'S ISLAND ROAD</span><br />Mattapoisett, Massachusetts
</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />The
Ellis-Bolles Cemetery is located on
Wolf Island Road, a desolate stretch of mostly unpaved road that runs
through the backwoods of Mattapoisett. Named after the Ellis and
Bolles families who reside in a majority of the graves here, the cemetery is
said to be an old Wampanoag burial site that was consecrated as a
Christian burial ground in 1872. The area played a role during King
Philip's War, with both sides of the conflict using the heavily
wooded area to hide out and stage ambushes. Local legend has it that
during one of these ambushes a large group of captured prisoners were
executed and strung up from the trees around where the cemetery now
resides </span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(its not known which side was on the receiving end of the rope)</span></span>.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;"><br /></span>Over the years locals have reported
sightings of spectral bodies hanging by their necks from the trees
behind the stone wall at the back of the cemetery. Sometimes its a
single body, but more often its a group of up to a half-dozen shadowy
figures seen swinging from the branches. There are also reports of a
phantom woodsman who lurks the surrounding area with an axe in hand,
a glowing gravestone, and a woman in white who walks the cemetery
grounds. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">THE EXECUTED NATIVE CHIEF</span><br />Bristol, Maine</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">New England's colonial history lends
itself to a number of reportedly haunted locations marked by terrible
injustices enacted against the region's past native populations. Fort
William Henry – located at Pemaquid Beach in Bristol, on the
central Maine coast – is just such a site. </span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />The heavily
fortified English outpost was originally built during King William's
War (1688-97). Although the conflict was part of the broader
inter-continental Nine Years War, the skirmishes that took place in
North America were, in large part, a result of broken treaties and
promises that had been reached at the end of King Philip's War. The
area's aggrieved native tribes united as the Wabanaki Confederacy,
which in turn allied with the French in an effort to block further
English northern expansion into Acadia. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBH5hHznlPrVAH41XRjToknsjWHrRqK79R7ZW8k6rnf_sYN3LMU3JVTj-3GZSUFPHy340FFwqI23Nhej_TO2r7Ngw5378sO_Y3tzU7x05q-SUMEMNDnvSBdWDcQO4MZX0rQSUtS639BLsU/s1600/ME_FtWilliamHenry01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="489" data-original-width="750" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBH5hHznlPrVAH41XRjToknsjWHrRqK79R7ZW8k6rnf_sYN3LMU3JVTj-3GZSUFPHy340FFwqI23Nhej_TO2r7Ngw5378sO_Y3tzU7x05q-SUMEMNDnvSBdWDcQO4MZX0rQSUtS639BLsU/s320/ME_FtWilliamHenry01.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Both sides engaged in
extreme violence: villages were raided, houses and crops were burned, battles were fought, and a number of massacres took place across the region. However, the
ravages of hunger and disease eventually prompted native leaders to
seek negotiations with the English. In July 1696, a group of Abenaki
chiefs attempted to meet with the fort's commanding officer, Captain
Pasco Chubb. Although the peace envoy was unarmed and came under a flag
of truce, they were all rounded up and killed. In the weeks that followed French and Wabanaki forces laid siege to the Pemaquid settlement and left the fort in ruins. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
<span style="background-color: transparent;">Among those who fell victim to the treacherous Captain Chubb was Chief Taukolexis. According to local
legend, Taukolexis poured his soul into the tree from which he was
hung. A “misty white light” believed to be the vengeful spirit of the native chief has been reported by visitors to the fort. It's claimed that strange anomaly appears at the front gate and
moves in the direction of a large tree where the
execution took place</span>.</span></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">THE WHIPPING T<span style="font-size: large;">RE<span style="font-size: large;">E</span></span></span></span></span></b><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b> <br />Harvard, Massachusetts</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Towering over the Thaddeus Pollard
House in Harvard, MA is “The Whipping Tree”. The majestic
sycamore is nearly 100 feet tall and over 20 feet in circumference.
It earned its name, not from being the site of official town
punishment, but from an incident that occurred at the height of
Shaker persecution in the area.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Shakers, or Shaking Quakers, lived
a tenuous existence in the community. In the summer of 1782 a riot
broke out and the Shakers were forced to leave town, beaten and
harrassed along the way. A Shaker named Abijah Worster attempted to
intervene in the assault of one of his brethren and was seized upon,
stripped, tied to the sycamore tree and whipped for the crime of
“going about breaking up churches and families.”</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTr77aARhoKaqgPJi_NhlLBEqE6yRDyNDog9Wxk9_piFmz9ncafIiwFl_v6GQVpQ0IfMg_DPOn_a30REFv4C77ju7Q0vzrgEOhVNNG7_X-7quUWwyTCOhSlxHypXSD5OmNvLvjsUzJQIgt/s1600/haunted2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTr77aARhoKaqgPJi_NhlLBEqE6yRDyNDog9Wxk9_piFmz9ncafIiwFl_v6GQVpQ0IfMg_DPOn_a30REFv4C77ju7Q0vzrgEOhVNNG7_X-7quUWwyTCOhSlxHypXSD5OmNvLvjsUzJQIgt/s320/haunted2.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Worster survived, but each of the men
who took part in the ordeal died in a relatively brief period after.
Locals came to believe that the spot was cursed and the tree was
haunted.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Not unlike the beliefs held by the
later Spiritualists of the mid-19th century, spirits and the spirit
world were an integral part of the original Shaker teachings. Mother
Ann, the founder of the religious movement, had many ghostly visions and
described them to her attentive followers. She would address the
spirits in unknown tongues and channel their voices through
self-possession. This supposed ability to communicate with the
supernatural world was one of the reasons the Shakers were so feared
by their neighbors. Its easy to understand why The Whipping Tree was believed
to be haunted.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">THE <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">DEVIL'S TREE</span></span></span><br /><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Brighton</span></span>, <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Vermon</span>t</b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br /><br />The small village of Island Pond can be
found in the town of Brighton, located in the heart of Vermont's
Northeast Kingdom. Although no one can seem to accurately date <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">its</span> origin, the <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">dark</span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">tale</span> of 'The Devil Tree' has been shared
here for generations. The infamous tree, if it did indeed exist, <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">was </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">a large ancient</span> oak that stood in the front yard of an old Victorian house. At some point <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">in it's history </span>the tree had been split down the middle by a
bolt of lightning<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">leaving it a mangled hulking mass</span></span>. However, it was not by appearance alone that the tree earned it's ominous name. It was <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">also allegedly</span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">the s<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ite of</span></span> a number of lo<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">cal </span>tragedies – <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">including</span> a massacre of native tribesmen, and later, <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">the hanging</span> suicide of a former property owner. <br /><br />As the story goes, the <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">property</span> where</span> the gian<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">t</span> tree stood was bought by a Boston businessman who <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span>used it as a summer retreat. For the remainder of the year the house and <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">s<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">urrounding </span>grounds</span></span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">were </span>maintained by a <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">caretaker </span>named Jack Nolan. Local
residents claimed that Nolan was a man of low character and peculiar
beliefs. It was<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> even</span> rumored that held “satanic ceremonies” on
the grounds in the owner's absence. One summer<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">,</span> when the owner returned to <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">his</span> property, <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">it was</span> discovered that <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">the house had</span> been ransacked of all its valuables
and that the <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">caretaker</span> was nowhere to be found.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />In the weeks that followed neighbors
began to hear a strange moaning that seemed to come from The Devil
Tree. When the owner finally had the tree removed
from<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> the</span> property he made a grisly discovery. The decomposed remains
of Jack Nolan, still clutching his bag of stolen valuables, was found
in a hollow deep inside the tree. The popular explanation was that <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nolan</span>
had previously made a pact with the Devil, and, on the night of the
burglary, the Devil came to collect – body and soul.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">BURIAL HILL'S NATIVE GUARDIAN SPIRIT</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Plymouth</span></span>, Massachusetts</b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;"><br /><br />The town of Plymouth is well known for being New England's first British colonial settlement. Lesser known is the fact that the original Pilgrim settlers had built their religious utopia on the bones of the former native inhabitants. Literally. The site chosen for their settlement was where the large native village of Pawtuxet had formerly existed before most of the inhabitants were wiped out by an unknown disease. Survivors abandoned the area, believing it to be cursed land that was haunted by the restless spirits of their unburied kin. The Pilgrims stumbled across these hastily vacated lands and moved in soon after.<br /><span style="color: black;">.</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0DVch62e-bkt0SCPDnkeca-af37XLk664qurIwsAuiLu5mOfCpMTFaO4xBpQpJknASno6IJNMJ3sk2qt58NLd2b8L1rXNmiL6c-WqfGTaqQVT0huPRMcMOGJrYRXIXXDmmvlTmRjo_fHn/s1600/12498378_114522363870.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="250" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0DVch62e-bkt0SCPDnkeca-af37XLk664qurIwsAuiLu5mOfCpMTFaO4xBpQpJknASno6IJNMJ3sk2qt58NLd2b8L1rXNmiL6c-WqfGTaqQVT0huPRMcMOGJrYRXIXXDmmvlTmRjo_fHn/s320/12498378_114522363870.jpg" width="220" /></a></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;">Burial Hill is on the National Register of Historic Places and has been used for burials by Plymouth residents since the 1620s. The Pilgrim's built their first fort here – which, for a time, was where the mounted head of Wituwamat (a Massachusetts tribal leader executed and butchered by Miles Standish in 1623) resided. Not surprisingly, the cemetery is reportedly haunted. One of the more famous resident ghosts is that of a “native guardian spirit” who inhabits the area around a large tree, near the Cushman Monument. The tree itself has a peculiar feature, with exposed roots that resemble hands. It is here that the man is said to sit and watch over visitors of the cemetery. Legend has it that if anyone does anything “unacceptable or inappropriate, the guardian spirit will let them know in a terrifying fashion.”</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<b><span style="background-color: black; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">SAGAMORE CEMETERY'S RESTLESS SPIRITS</span></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Bourne, Massachusetts</b></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><br />Sagamore Cemetery is a small, quiet
graveyard located in Bourne, MA. The<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> earliest</span> burials took place in
1803, and most of the gravestones date back to the 19th century. When
construction for the Cape Cod Canal began in 1909, family plots from
the nearby Bournedale Cemetery were relocated here.
Unfortunately there was some confusion when the disinterred remains
were being moved and a number of bodies were buried under the wrong
headstones. Even members of the original Bourne family were among the
displaced.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Whether or not it has anything to do
with the marker mix-up, the entire cemetery is said to be haunted.
Some people have reported a “sudden and severe sensation of cold”
grip them when walking around. Others have claimed to have filmed
strange images of bright orbs or shadowy figures. There is the ghost
of a tall man in a top hat who disappears when approached, and
another of a child bride in muddy boots. Also, caretakers have
discovered headstones weighing several hundred pounds lifted and
moved to other areas of the cemetery without so much as a footstep
left behind.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"> </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Near the main entrance is an old,
gnarled tree. From the right angle, a section of the knobby and
bulbous trunk eerily resembles a man trying to break free from the
inside. People claim to smell “an incredibly distinct aroma of
cigar smoke” in the area around the tree. Its thought that its haunted by the
ghost of Emory Ellis, a big cigar-smoking man who lived in the early
part of the 20th century. Ellis's family had a plot that was among
those moved to make way for the canal, though he protested fiercely
with shovel and shotgun in hand. Eventually he was offered money and
backed down, but some believe his angry spirit continues to protest
from beyond the grave.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE LISTENING TREE</span><br />Mackworth Island, Maine</span></b></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Just off the coast of Falmouth, Maine, is
Mackworth Island – home to the infamous Governor Baxter School for
the Deaf, where rampant sexual and physical abuse of children took place for a period of over twenty years in isolation from the mainland.</span></span></span></div>
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<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi04z9j5j1XkM5AKFZMH7nGxBePm10tLF7jpwRy_rR7hMVimng98XiOMhus3RU3k4K0IGNFaflrEI2uQP4WpchzNRsUJs5Ha8nu3k_TV2xfqU_bJBQbzmaZgq8QrhsNmZvF4_mkf6qjRSJc/s1600/haunted3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi04z9j5j1XkM5AKFZMH7nGxBePm10tLF7jpwRy_rR7hMVimng98XiOMhus3RU3k4K0IGNFaflrEI2uQP4WpchzNRsUJs5Ha8nu3k_TV2xfqU_bJBQbzmaZgq8QrhsNmZvF4_mkf6qjRSJc/s320/haunted3.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Listening Tree was an old white
pine that was located on the school grounds. The tree had ‘faces’
that stuck out of the bark and appeared to be “upturned in agony
with their mouths open”. It's believed that these were carved by
native tribes, but their meaning or purpose remains unknown. Local
legend claims that deaf children from the Baxter School could hear
the tree talking to them, which is where the name comes from.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Listening Tree was struck by
lightning a few years back and has since been removed.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Additionally there is a nearby haunted
pet cemetery where phantom dogs and horses have been seen roaming
around and then disappear. Supposedly Stephen King visited here and
was inspired to write his book “Pet Cemetery”.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">HOOKMAN'S GHOST</span><br />Seymour, Connecticut</b></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br />The Great Hill Cemetery is old, dating back to 1783, and reportedly home to all sorts of strange and ghostly phenomena. Known as “Hookman's Cemetery,” the
graveyard is located in a wooded area just outside of New
Haven. People report shadow figures walking the grounds at night. Paranormal
investigators claim to have filmed “ectoplasmic mist” and other
strange phenomenon on the cemetery grounds. Even the famous Connecticut "demonologist" couple, Ed and Lorraine Warren, have said that they believe there is an evil presence found here.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">Local folklore (going back to at least the 1950s) has it that a former
cemetery caretaker named Hookman committed suicide after being
falsely accused of some crime, hanging himself from a large tree in
the old section of the cemetery. Another version claims that the
caretaker actually had a hook for a hand and murdered a local boy he
caught trespassing at night. The boy's body was found the following
morning impaled on the hook, which was left hanging from the tree,
and the caretaker was never heard from again. Regardless of which
story you go by, people claim that cars stall out when they pass
under the tree or else the sound of boots can be heard dragging
across the roof. A ghostly apparition has also been seen
hanging from the branches.<br /><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;">Another legend involves an old house that used to be located behind the
cemetery. Supposedly the family that lived there was murdered by
the youngest son, who then killed himself, and their ghostly figures have been seen walking in cemetery at night.<br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">THE WITCH TREE</span></span></span></b></span><span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> <br />Smithfield, Rhode Island</span></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Witch Tree was located in the
middle of the intersection of Log Road and Mann School Road in
Smithfield, Rhode Island, and is said to be named after a witch that lived down the road at some point in the distant past. Due to the location of the tree it has caused quite
a few fatal car accidents over the years.</span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBj2zjLEikcjFajzafD95X_zQr3sLRSwl1ytrIZEngU2rVavuNKCnS2fAKpLWu7__PWuQWPH979dJ2eyWUw6eE4tmmyIQaMvYU7xgtJFAxgu06c3UD8HK9orNnyvfTCwMUFEoBqXO_GE90/s1600/8105795.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="378" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBj2zjLEikcjFajzafD95X_zQr3sLRSwl1ytrIZEngU2rVavuNKCnS2fAKpLWu7__PWuQWPH979dJ2eyWUw6eE4tmmyIQaMvYU7xgtJFAxgu06c3UD8HK9orNnyvfTCwMUFEoBqXO_GE90/s320/8105795.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It is said that </span></span></span><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">if you drive around the Witch Tree three times and take off in a certain direction you will be
followed by a phantom biker who died in a crash at the site.
Others claim to have seen ghostly young children playing by the base of the tree who suddenly disappear when approached.</span></div>
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Despite it's withered appearance, scarred by dozens of traffic accidents, the Witch Tree still somehow bloomed in the spring. However the town recently cut it down, citing safety reasons for it's removal. A new tree has since been planted in it's place, surrounded on all sides by a metal safety guard.<br /></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></b></span></span></span>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">THE TELL-TALE APPLE TREE</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Franklin</span>, Connecticut</b></span></span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><br />The town of Franklin was once famous
for a peculiar variety of apple with a sinister history. Micah Rood Apples – also known as “Bloody-Heart Apples,”
or simply “Mike's” – w<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ere</span> known for it's cherry-red skin, snowy
white interior, sweet flavor and a “bloody” <span style="font-weight: normal;">red
globule at the center. According to local legend, a traveling
salesman from Philadelphia named Hank Karner came to the farm of
Micah Rood to peddle his wares one fateful day in 1693. The man's
battered and bloodied corpse was found the following day under a
large apple tree in Rood's orchard, robbed of both money and
merchandise. Suspicion immediately fell on the farmer. However, the
townspeople could find no proof of guilt and he was never charged
with the crime.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />As
the months passed and the fall harvest came around a curious thing
happened. T</span>he blossoms of the apple tree under which Karner's
body was found were crimson instead of their usual white color. Even
more strange, <span style="font-weight: normal;">the apples that it
produced had what appeared to be a drop of blood near the core. It
was widely believed that this was the result of a curse enacted from
beyond the grave that pointed to Micah Rood's guilt. He would die
under mysterious circumstances soon after.</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /><br />Micah
Rood's “tell-tale apple tree” was reportedly destroyed by a
hurricane in 1938, but a version of the apple variety grafted from
the original continues to be produced by other area orchards.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /> </span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="background-color: black; font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">THE TREE OF KNOWLEDGE</span></span></span></b><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />Duxbury, Massachusetts</span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Duxbury is located on the coast of Cape
Cod Bay, about 30 miles south of Boston. According to local folklore,
the residents have lived under the threat of a curse for over
two-hundred years now.<br /><br />At the heart of this curse was a
massive oak tree, which resided on the old Bay Path (now Rt. 53). The
tree was an important landmark, serving as the first rural “post
office” in America in the 1620's. Mail runners going between
Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth would leave packages or
messages in a postal box at its base, to be collected by passing
Duxbury citizens who would deliver them to their intended recipients.
Because of this vital communication role, the old oak became known as
“The Tree of Knowledge”.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1mDwe2cc5nGmVLNVuxWaJXMwFkBJKuHaZoBYXENB0XyxV3C-IYuId4mE1KXgmyTP0IKmE2EHgP6DZ9IuMSEEM28R51oLFMe0wgBtDTobXT-jOHU8hz64MMjUjjpbN0StVvUhKhAI9AJWk/s1600/ar136865160162927.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1mDwe2cc5nGmVLNVuxWaJXMwFkBJKuHaZoBYXENB0XyxV3C-IYuId4mE1KXgmyTP0IKmE2EHgP6DZ9IuMSEEM28R51oLFMe0wgBtDTobXT-jOHU8hz64MMjUjjpbN0StVvUhKhAI9AJWk/s320/ar136865160162927.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Eventually the mail system modernized
and the tree fell into disuse and was largely neglected. At some
point in the early 19th century a massive storm struck the coast. When
people came out of their shelters the following day the had
discovered that the Tree of Knowledge had not survived the storm. It
had been splintered by a bolt of lightening.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Soon after this, one of the elderly
patriarchs from the community told the townspeople of a disturbing
visitation he had experienced. The spirit of the old oak tree had
come to him in a dream and was angry at the townspeople for failing
to properly honor the role that the tree had played in the town's
history and success. The grim specter declared that if the spot where
the oak once stood was not properly memorialized it would be cursed.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A sign was immediately made to honor
the The Tree of Knowledge. To this day the site – located at Tree
of Knowledge Corner, at the Summer and South Street intersection --
is still marked accordingly, and thus far the curse has been avoided.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: red; font-size: large;"><b>SOURCES
</b></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Balzano, Christopher. <b style="font-style: italic;">Ghosts of the Bridgewater Triangle.</b> Atglen, PA: Schiffer <br />Publishing Ltd, 2008. </span></span></span><i><b style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> </b><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b><br /></b></span></span></i></li>
<li><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Belanger, Jeff. </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">Weird Massachusetts: Your Guide to Massachusetts's Local </i><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">Legends and Best Kept Secrets</i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. </span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black;">New York: Sterling Publishing, 2008.</span><span style="background-color: black;"><br /></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Citro, Joseph. </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">Cursed in New England: Stories of Damned Yankees</i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press, 2004.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Citro, Joseph. </span><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">Passing Strange: True Tales of New
England Hauntings <br />and </i><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;">Horror</i><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. Wilmington, MA: Mariner Books, 1997.</span><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></i></li>
<li><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Citro, Joe & Diane Foulds. <i style="font-style: normal; font-weight: bold;">Curious New England: The Unconventional Traveler's Guide to Eccentric Destinations</i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: 400;">. Lebanon, NH: New England University Press, 2004.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">D'Agostino, Thomas & Arlene Nicholson. <b style="font-style: italic;">Connecticut Ghost Stories and Legends</b>. Stroud, UK: The History Press, 2011.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Lee, Darcy H. <b><i>Ghosts of Plymouth, Massachusetts</i></b>. Stroud, UK: The History Press, 2017.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Schulte, Carol Olivieri. <i style="font-weight: bold;">Ghosts on the Coast of Maine</i>. Camden, ME: Down East<br />Books, 1996.</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Stansfield, Charles. <b><i>H</i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">aunted Vermont: Ghosts and Strange Phenomena of the Green Mountain State</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2007.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Wisberg, Tim. <i style="font-weight: bold;">Ghosts of the Southcoast</i>. Stroud, UK: The HIstory Book, 2010.</span></span></span><i style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></i></li>
<li><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Zwicker, Roxie. <b style="font-style: italic;">Haunted Cemeteries of New England:
Stories, Stones and <br />Superstitions</b>. Exeter, NH: PublishingWorks, 2009.<b><i><br /></i></b></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
Mark Laskeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09221596829655982430noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4460192715541619034.post-28664607723442672922013-04-12T18:55:00.000-07:002018-08-03T14:11:29.649-07:00Rebellion of the Damned<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Diabolical Witchcraft as Social Revolt in Early Modern France</span></span></span></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The Age of Enlightenment had yet to begin and it would be well over a century until revolution touched off in France. Ruled by a traditionalist monarchy and a corrupt state church, the country was still very much stuck in the dark ages throughout the Early Modern period. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The
Catholic Church dominated nearly all areas of social, political and economic
life, and nowhere was the iron grip of "divine authority" felt
stronger than by the rural peasantry.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</span></div>
<div class="western">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCThfw-Xb2vQhJTnjZthbdOt5YWWECJHp5Qpw-_7_9KPRKl3-HZKXYOagv5lvp3g7Hzpdw0_yDTTArj2dv7qUSALSKpchQA8Wn-JWhyOO8w3UPXu83vHP2FaFzFsMKfT8Dfv3X_bo_l1Nj/s1600/C3P7xXvUYAAiWdo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1044" data-original-width="1200" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCThfw-Xb2vQhJTnjZthbdOt5YWWECJHp5Qpw-_7_9KPRKl3-HZKXYOagv5lvp3g7Hzpdw0_yDTTArj2dv7qUSALSKpchQA8Wn-JWhyOO8w3UPXu83vHP2FaFzFsMKfT8Dfv3X_bo_l1Nj/s320/C3P7xXvUYAAiWdo.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">As the largest single property owner in France,
the Church controlled nearly 40% of the country's wealth </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">–</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">much <span style="font-size: small;">of which</span> accrued through a heavy taxation on the peasantry and
the confiscation of lands. Upper C</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">hurch officials mostly came from</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> old
nobility provincial and royal court families, and they maintained a lavish and decadent lifestyle
(“by the will of God”</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">) while the poorest
segments of rural society struggled daily against debt,
eviction, poverty, malnutrition and premature death.
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: small;">In the face of such a bleak and unjust state of
affairs, what’s a downtrodden peasant to do?
</span></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">THE
ORIGINS OF WITCHCRAFT IN FRANCE</span></b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>“</i><span style="font-style: normal;"><i>The
witches were a vast political movement, an organized society, which
was anti-social and anarchical, a world wide plot against
civilizations.”</i> <span style="color: white;"> –</span> Montague Summers (1928 preface to the </span><i>Malleus
Maleficarum</i><span style="font-style: normal;">)</span></span></span></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
history of witchcraft reaches back to ancient times. But it wasn’t
until the later Middle Ages that witches ceased to be “cunning
folk” who were sought out for medicinal aid or prophetic advice and
became the devil’s foot soldiers in an all-out war against Christian morality and
virtue. </span></span>
</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">By
the 13</span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><sup>th</sup></span></span> century witch gatherings were said to be taking place
nightly in wooded areas throughout the countryside, drawing crowds
numbering in the hundreds and thousands (</span></span><span style="color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pierre de Lancre, a </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: white;">leading French demonologist, spoke of nocturnal meetings that brought together
“some 100,000 devotees of Satan”).</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#1" name="top1"><sup><span style="color: red;">1</span></sup></a><span style="color: white;"> People couldn’t line up fast enough to
pledge their oaths to the Devil at these nocturnal ceremonies, which were said to be followed by cannibalistic feasts and mass orgies. Once
aligned with the forces of darkness a witch could, on their own or
with the Devil acting through them, wield supernatural powers against
person and property alike. They were responsible for everything from
infertility, demonic possession and family misfortune to unexplained storms, crop
failures, arson, plague outbreaks, attacks on livestock and unexplained deaths.</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#2" name="top2" style="color: white;"><sup>2</sup></a> </span></span>
</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: small;">This
was the basic image that was burned into the public consciousness,
and the propaganda used to create a climate of mass panic where
‘witches’ could be hunted down ruthlessly and put to the stake and
extend the power and influence of the Church deep into
the countryside.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="western">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_tC7Mjy-SENAHHnFAJxRijtl3nPpMfuGE-BkRbpjl8Vbq3IB3KWbWgnhaf8zCIj4kDB55FNErVlpq8WlqzQxVaThLGBF3pOdN1IbJ5XnPn5sWtz8SgGHFeMZnW0pGk0VPPYdPyRUAzu1e/s1600/1415837446_674650d2b4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_tC7Mjy-SENAHHnFAJxRijtl3nPpMfuGE-BkRbpjl8Vbq3IB3KWbWgnhaf8zCIj4kDB55FNErVlpq8WlqzQxVaThLGBF3pOdN1IbJ5XnPn5sWtz8SgGHFeMZnW0pGk0VPPYdPyRUAzu1e/s320/1415837446_674650d2b4.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Between
the mid 16<sup>th</sup>
and 17<sup>th</sup>
centuries France's witch-hunt was at its height: forty witches were
burned at Toulouse in 1557, four at Poitiers in 1568, and eighteen at
Avignon in 1582. In Lorraine, some nine-hundred witches were
condemned and executed between 1581-91. In Normandy there were
witch-hunts between 1589-1594 (and again between 1600-1645).<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#3" name="top3" style="color: red;"><sup>3</sup></a> On the French Basque Coast entire communities were said
to be taken over by witches, resulting in a succession of mass trials
and executions between 1576-1605 that ended with </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">nearly nine-hundred
witches<span style="font-size: small;"> being</span> put to the stake</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#4" name="top4" style="color: red;"><sup>4</sup></a>. And the largest witch hunt in French history took place between
1643-1645, with 650 witches arrested in Languedoc (a province with strong heretical traditions that trace back to early medieval times) alone. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">All
told, nearly six thousand people were executed for the
crimes of witchcraft and heresy in France.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#5" name="top5" style="color: red;"><sup>5</sup></a> The highest concentration of trials took place in the
mountainous border areas, and the accused were disproportionately
women from the poorest segments of society. Much
debate has gone into the complicated set of circumstances that led to
this bloody chapter in history. But it can’t be denied that, at its
most basic level, the witch-hunts were a brutal form of social
control used to keep oppressed – and potentially rebellious – populations in line</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #231f20;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">.</span></span></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#6" name="top6" style="color: red;"><sup>6</sup></a> </span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Throughout this period, church authorities demonized heretical beliefs, pagan folk practices, independent women and rebellious communities – a campaign that was successful both figuratively, and literally. It is very likely that the propaganda around these witch trials may have had the unintended effect of stimulating the activities they were intended to suppress. Upon hearing the details of devil worship and ritual practice publicized in the confessions, more people began to be attracted to the promise of the dark arts (as defined by the Church) and now had models for imitation.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#7" name="top7"><sup><span style="color: red;">7</span></sup></a> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Eventually church officials began to take notice and voiced concern. After the published accounts of
the 1612 possessions that overtook the Brigidine Convent in Lille, members
of the Paris Faculty of Theology complained that such publicity</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">was "deadly for the curious, the weak-minded, and the wicked".</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#7" name="top7"><sup><span style="color: red;">8</span></sup></a></span></span></div>
<div class="western">
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />SYMPATHY
FOR THE DEVIL</span></b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i></i></span></span><br />
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>"Satan [is] the eternal rebel, the first freethinker and the emancipator of worlds. He makes man ashamed of his bestial ignorance and obedience; he emancipates him, stamps upon his brow the seal of liberty and humanity, in urging him to disobey and eat of the fruit of knowledge." </i>– Mikhail Bakunin, <i>God and the State</i></span></span>
</i></span></span></div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In a
world where the Church dictated a life of misery, conformity and
ignorance its no wonder<span style="font-size: small;"> </span>‘the Devil’ (as both
“adversary” and “light bringer”) had such a strong
attraction among the knowledge-starved and rebellious-minded.</span></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">France’s
Early Modern Era gave birth to what we know as “modern satanism”.
Amidst the backdrop of the witch craze that swept the countryside the
major works of black ritual magic –<i>The
Grimorium Verum</i>,
<i>The
Grand Grimoire</i>
and <i>The
Constitution of Honorius</i>
– first saw general distribution around this time. The convents and
church institutions were rocked by a series of ‘satanic’
possessions.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#8" name="top8" style="color: red;"><sup>9</sup></a> And eventually even members of the aristocracy were
starting to dabble in the dark arts to advance their social positions.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#9" name="top9" style="color: red;"><sup>10</sup></a> The Devil, it would seem, was gaining
influence at all levels of French society. But it
was the rural poor who needed him most.</span></span><br />
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju9BWgSX_YGbly-KS6bKDiTCULNvLNdzuosMW0KlmFq1q9hbKzLGAJMmCKyQrRwUgMuxnc61lbTqatJt2g5xjremDMB3JAwE6zuZLd4rkeo-c_K7iO1_ozwG29M0knX0PemEv89HfTq_V8/s1600/7339tronodiav.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="244" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju9BWgSX_YGbly-KS6bKDiTCULNvLNdzuosMW0KlmFq1q9hbKzLGAJMmCKyQrRwUgMuxnc61lbTqatJt2g5xjremDMB3JAwE6zuZLd4rkeo-c_K7iO1_ozwG29M0knX0PemEv89HfTq_V8/s320/7339tronodiav.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Self-empowerment
has always been at the heart of black magic: the promise of elevating
mortals to the level of gods. For those living a life of bondage and
toil (with only a vague hope for a better lot in the afterlife) this
promise had immense appeal, worthy of great sacrifice and devotion. Finding no relief from their miserable lot in life through their prayers to the Christian god, many serfs looked to his opposite - the Devil - for salvation. The
Church feared as much, admitting that “the poor are more likely to turn to the
Devil to better their miserable position, rather than accepting the
lot in life assigned to them by God”.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#10" name="top10" style="color: red;"><sup>11</sup></a> In
certain French border regions, torn by religious and social
instability, it was said that many peasants were “driven
to despair" and "prayed to the Devil only.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#11" name="top11" style="color: red;"><sup>12</sup></a> <br /><br />Others went a step further, pledging their
formal allegiance to Satan through a binding pact. The
first appearance of the diabolical pact in France occurred in 1335.
In Toulouse, an accused witch named Anne-Marien de Georgel was
convicted of having entered into a signed pact with the Devil and of
attending a meeting “that was presided over by a goat who taught
her secret ways to work evil.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#12" name="top12" style="color: red;"><sup>13</sup></a>
<br /><br />Over the next hundred years this belief gained wide acceptance. Pope
Eugenius IV wrote to papal inquisitors in 1437, warning them of the
successes of the prince of darkness, who was gaining influence and
adherents through written contract.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#13" name="top13" style="color: red;"><sup>14</sup></a> In 1486, the
<i>Malleus
Maleficarum</i>
(The Witches' Hammer) – the main text used by the Inquisition for
the next two centuries – was first published, codifying this belief
into a prosecutable offense according to heresy laws (and making it a moral obligation for Christians to hunt down and murder suspected witches). </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">By pledging a binding oath to Satan, witches were practicing a form of heretical dissidence that challenged not only religious authority, but also that of "rulers, judges, masters of all kind." According to the Church, witchcraft subverted the very principle of law and order, "for all social relationships rested on legitimation by divine authority.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#13" name="top13" style="color: red;"><sup>15</sup></a><br /><br />This was
the essence
of witchcraft, at least as far as the Inquisitors and demonologists
were concerned. </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: small;">In the view of Jean Bodin, a leading 16th century French
demonologist and political theorist, sects of witches represented a rebellious counter-society that sought to "divert divine power to
its profit" and "overturn the natural order of religion".</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#14" name="top14" style="color: red;"></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#14" name="top14" style="color: red;"></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#14" name="top14" style="color: red;"></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#14" name="top14" style="color: red;"><sup>16</sup></a> A </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">witch wasn’t just an individual agent of
malevolence in the world, but "</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">members of an antichurch and
an antistate, the sworn enemies of Christian society."</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#14" name="top14" style="color: red;"><sup>17</sup></a> </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<br /></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">THE
WITCHES SABBAT</span></b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western">
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>“Satan,
literally the “adversary,” and chief supervisor of the Witches
Sabbat, symbolically represents self-realization through rebellion.
The celebrant utilizes rebellion as the means by which consciousness
can be moved to challenge one’s own personal convictions as well as
those complacencies that inhabit the conditions of the celebrant’s
everyday life. [...] Through this rebellion a new possibility for
self-realization emerges through an introspection of one’s most
natural state and camaraderie with the daemonic agents summoned at
the Witches Sabbat.“</i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">– </span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">The
Witches Sabbat</span></i><span style="font-weight: normal;">,
Michael Ford and Michael Riddick (</span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Silver
Star: A Journal of New Magick</span></i><span style="font-weight: normal;">) </span></span></span>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Once
someone had formally joined the witch-cult the next rites of passage
was attendance at the regular nocturnal assemblies: The Witches'
Sabbat</span><span style="font-size: small;">. It was
said that these gatherings took place in isolated places, preferably
forests or remote mountainous areas, where witches would arrive via broomstick
flight or else by transforming themselves into animals. Once
assembled they paid homage to the Devil through prayer and sacrifice. This was followed by frenzied ritual
dancing (“in a circle, but always to the left”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#14" name="top14" style="color: red;"><sup>18</sup></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#15" name="top15" style="color: red;"><sup></sup></a>), eventually culminating in a mass sexual
orgy of an indiscriminate nature ("the son does not spare his mother, nor the brother his sister, nor the father his daughter"</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#15" name="top15" style="color: red;"><sup>19</sup></a></span>)</span>.</span></span></div>
<div class="western">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOyDTrrVY6gSFe-7ET_IJukRbaHQomWxm4E_HBXZTG6uHk8-Kp40rv4CJdIIh3pkvvgs6sv9P8Pnk4Ah-to6jXiPXkIddz0kWgBuNjmyYM_HLFk9U9zYafdiRjOPfM-6518DFQHbv8NMWz/s1600/tumblr_mjqixoBjVJ1s15dl4o2_500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOyDTrrVY6gSFe-7ET_IJukRbaHQomWxm4E_HBXZTG6uHk8-Kp40rv4CJdIIh3pkvvgs6sv9P8Pnk4Ah-to6jXiPXkIddz0kWgBuNjmyYM_HLFk9U9zYafdiRjOPfM-6518DFQHbv8NMWz/s320/tumblr_mjqixoBjVJ1s15dl4o2_500.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Some
of these details, as bizarre as they seem, may have some basis in
bastardized accounts of shamanic and animistic folk traditions that
were rooted in the mountainous Alpine regions.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#16" name="top16" style="color: red;"><sup>20</sup></a> Its said that a “devil's grease” or ointment
“consisting of bat's blood, baby's fat and soot” was used by witches in their rituals which strengthened
their communion with demonic forces and gave them, among other
powers, the ability to fly. Such a grease may have actually existed. However, the
components were more likely aconite, belladonna, opium and hashish </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">– </span></span>which gave the power of hallucination and out-of-body experience,
consistent with shamanistic folk practices.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#17" name="top17" style="color: red;"><sup>21</sup></a> </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Some
of the more sinister allegations – cannibalism, infanticide,
bestiality – were part of the standard propaganda used for centuries by the Church to discredit religious opponents (Jews, Muslims, and heretical
Christian sects). But there
was also a political – both social and sexual –
scope to this <span style="font-size: small;">sla<span style="font-size: small;">nder, which was used to criminalize the dissident practices and nonconformist beliefs held by the rural peasantry during that period</span></span></span></span>. <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The descriptions of the Witches' Sabbat tied in elements of peasant revolt and sexual
transgression, "portrayed both as a monstrous sexual orgy and as a
subversive political gathering, [...] with the Devil
instructing the witches to rebel against their masters.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#18" name="top18" style="color: red;"><sup>22</sup></a><span style="font-size: small;"> Its worth noting that the first descriptions of these gatherings coincided
with the mass peasant rebellions of the late 14<sup>th</sup>
century, when clandestine meetings were indeed taking place under the
cover of night and women were often the leading agitators.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#19" name="top19" style="color: red;"><sup>23</sup></a> </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">According to 19th century French historian Jules Michelet, if any such 'Sabbats' existed at all it was likely a folk gathering (going back to medieval times), "at which peasants came together at night to
perform both ancient dances and satirical farces directed against
oppressive lords and priests". But as the climate of repression
against the practitioners of these gatherings hardened, so did the
nature of the gatherings themselves.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#20" name="top20" style="color: red;"><sup>24</sup></a> </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;">THE
BLACK MASS</span></span> </span></span></b></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>“Under
a shadowy likeness of the Devil the people worshiped none other than
its own self.”</i> – Jules Michelet, <i>La
Sorcière: The Witch of the Middle Ages</i></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">By the
17<sup>th</sup> century the reports of witches gatherings indicated
an increasingly more malevolent nature. The Black Mass had nothing of
the folk celebration, revelry and satire of the earlier Sabbats.
These were gatherings of ritual defiance where the Catholic Mass
was openly mocked and the Christian God militantly denounced: the
altar was broken and desecrated or else replaced with the body of a
naked woman; the missal bound in human skin; prayers were recited
backwards; holy symbols were spit on or trampled under foot; wine was
replaced by water, blood or urine<span style="font-size: small;">;</span> and the host re<span style="font-size: small;">placed </span>with a rotten turnip
or leather from a black boot. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8pguHqnlPeS0cWqv1ADV75ndTETPFYio9z7DExLKjJFjPigsRJhNx3RTXNVzg9AbvBs13aMVQBe2X_dSp7hB3jSiB6PV2QUY3JwsCTYvZjbjZBfQoLrD2aO3-AcRD6pUviQu0FKKQLvez/s1600/200px-Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8pguHqnlPeS0cWqv1ADV75ndTETPFYio9z7DExLKjJFjPigsRJhNx3RTXNVzg9AbvBs13aMVQBe2X_dSp7hB3jSiB6PV2QUY3JwsCTYvZjbjZBfQoLrD2aO3-AcRD6pUviQu0FKKQLvez/s1600/200px-Martin_van_Maele_-_La_Sorci%C3%A8re_06.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">But
even these rituals were not without social purpose. The participants "called loudly upon the Devil, 'master
of serfs', to save them". The boot and the turnip were
considered a symbolic protest against the declining standard of living. The Devil was worshipped as the adversary of "the oppressor's God," who was sympathetic to the plight of the poor.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#21" name="top21" style="color: red;"><sup>25</sup></a> </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In addition to salvation appeals, these rituals were also used in the witch's struggle against their worldly enemies. The practice of <i>maleficia</i>
– the use of curse, conjuration and enchantment for vengeful
purposes – was another aspect of the black mass. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">One
example, which came to be known as the Mass of Saint-Sécaire,
originated in the Gascony region. It was said to be performed in an
abandoned church by a corrupt priest, with only his lover as
attendant. He would begin to recite the Christian Mass backwards,
being sure to finish at precisely the last stroke of midnight. A
rotten turnip slice cut into a triangle acted as the host, and the
“consecrated wine” was water from a well in which an unbaptized
infant had been drowned. At the end of the mass the officiant would
pronounce the name of the victim whom the ritual was directed against
and they would die a slow and lingering death.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#22" name="top22" style="color: red;"><sup>26</sup></a> </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">There was also the “blessing” of nails stolen from an unearthed
coffin, which were later driven into the footprint of an enemy while
reciting in Latin ‘Pater noster upto in terra’ (‘Our father who
art on earth,’ not heaven) to cripple or maim them. Waxen effigies, which were made for use in various cursing
rituals to cause misfortune, sickness or death. And the power of the
<i>Mauvis
Oeil </i>(Evil
Eye), which was granted to the devoted patrons of the black arts, giving a
witch the ability to cast spells with a simple glance of the eye.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#23" name="top23" style="color: red;"><sup>27</sup></a> </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">However, if evoking the Devil to conjure magical powers or enact a hex failed to
achieve the desired result, a witch could always to turn to less
supernatural means: sabotage and poison. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">BURNING
FIELDS AND POISONED WELLS</span></b></span></span></span></div>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><i>"And ye shall be freed from slavery, and so shall be free in everything [<span style="font-size: small;">...] </span>and the last of your oppressors shall be dead.”</i></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> –</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: normal;"> Charles Leland,</span><i>
Aradia:The Gospel of Witches</i></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Of the
many crimes attributed to witches, crop destruction and unexplained
sickness or death were the most common. Much of this can be
attributed to natural causes, with "witches" providing an easy
scapegoat for the superstitiously minded. But its not outside of the
realm of possibility to suggest that sabotage and poison – the
age-old weapons of vengeance for the disempowered – were also
employed on occasion. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
French countryside has a long tradition of peasant revolt that has
manifested itself in both open protest (there were literally hundreds
of uprisings – from isolated food riots to major rebellions –
during this period<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#24" name="top24" style="color: red;"><sup>28</sup></a>)
and conspiratorial resistance. Various means of “agrarian
terrorism” were used against exploitative landowners, with
cattle-maiming and crop-burning being some of the more popular
tactics of the time. In fact the word <i>sabotage</i>
itself has French origins and literally means “to clatter with
sabots (wooden shoes)”, referring to peasants trampling crops as a
form of protest.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Fields and
vineyards were set ablaze from time to time, the arson often claimed <span style="font-size: small;">to be</span> the work of the witch. </span></span></span></span>According
to popular superstition, the Devil's agents also had the ability to
“destroy the fruits of the fields […] with unusual thunder,
lightning, showers, hail, storm winds, frost, flooding, mice, worms
and many other things, […] causing them to rot in the fields.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#25" name="top25" style="color: red;"><sup>29</sup></a> Or else,
“witches <span style="font-size: small;">[...]</span> filled the skin of a cat with assorted vegetable
matter, put it in a spring for a period of three days, and then to
dry and grind the mixture. On a windy day they go up a mountain and
scatter the powder across the land as a sacrifice to the Devil, who
in return for their offering will destroy the crops."<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#26" name="top26" style="color: red;"><sup>30</sup></a> Lye or salt could have also been
sown into the soil directly. </span></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Conspiracies involv<span style="font-size: small;">ing poison or the spreading of disease were<span style="font-size: small;"> very much in the public mind<span style="font-size: small;"> during this period</span></span>. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Like
the Jews before them, witches were often accused of poisoning wells to spread sickness and death in Christian
communities. This was obviously recycled slander used
by Church authorities against earlier perceived threats, all the more
effective in a fearful age where plague epidemic was still a recent
memory. But that doesn't rule out the use of poisons
entirely.</span></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It
was said that the Devil advised witches in the production and use of<i>
pousset</i>
– a diabolical substance used to sicken or kill animals and people.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#27" name="top27" style="color: red;"><sup>31</sup></a> The recipe could contain any number
of bizarre ingredients, depending on who was tortured into
confessing to its manufacture. Its probably safe to say that toad's
saliva or the rendered flesh of an unbaptized infant wouldn't add
much to the potency or effectiveness of these potions and powders.
But arsenic would. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Arsenic
was readily available and, administered in large doses, would produce
symptoms that resembled those of cholera, dysentery or plague </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">–</span></span> fever,
diarrhea, vomiting, convulsions, delirium, coma </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">–</span></span> and eventually
result in death.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#28" name="top28" style="color: red;"><sup>32</sup></a> Additionally
the witch's arsenal could include a variety of other herbal toxins
obtained from “the devil's garden”: Hemlock, which caused
paralysis of various body systems; Belladonna and Mandrake Root could
inflict delirium and hallucinations; Hensbane could induce
drowsiness, and in large doses, coma; and Aconite (aka Wolfsbane)
“applied to a wounded finger could affect the whole system, not
only causing pains in the limbs, but a sense of suffocation and
syncope”.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#29" name="top29" style="color: red;"><sup>33</sup></a> </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Many
of these symptoms correspond with the acts of <i>maleficia</i>
reported to have stricken humans and livestoc<span style="font-size: small;">k. In <i>The Compendium Maleficarum</i>, an Italian witch-hunter's manual written in 1608, its claimed that</span>
“the sickness with which the bewitched suffer are most often a
wasting or emaciation of the whole body and loss of strength, with a
deep languor, dullness of the mind, various melancholy ravings,
different kinds of fever; […] convulsive movements like an
epileptic; a sort of rigidity of the limbs; sometimes the whole head
swells; or such a lassitude pervades the whole body that they can
hardly move at all; […] some lose their appetite, and some vomit
their food and are so upset in the stomach that they are often
constricted in pain.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#30" name="top30" style="color: red;"><sup>34</sup></a> </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
French-speaking border region of Switzerland w<span style="font-size: small;">as </span>shaken by a plague
panic throughout the mid-16<sup>th</sup>
century.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#33" name="top33" style="color: red;"><sup>35</sup></a> Witches were accused of conspiring to anoint doors
and windows of various homes with a “grease made from
plague-infected matter”. During
a witch trial that took place outside of Neuch<b><span style="font-weight: normal;">â</span></b>tel
in 1583,
two women confessed to having been provided with herbs by the Devil
“to make a grease to rub on windows and doors so that people would
die when they touched it.”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#32" name="top32" style="color: red;"><sup>36</sup></a> In 1590, the French demonologist Jean Bodin reported a confession made by a suspected witch who claimed to have buried a jar containing a toad, a consecrated host, and various magical powders "beneath the doorway of a sheepfold while uttering some words [...] in order to make the flock die</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">."<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#33" name="top33" style="color: red;"><sup>37</sup></a> </span></span> And in
the province of Berry, in central France, it was said that witches
wore the skins of wolves or wild boars and roamed the country-side
poisoning cattle.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#33" name="top33" style="color: red;"><sup>38</sup></a> </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
most famous and well-documented diabolical poisoning conspiracy was
the <i>L'affaire
des Poisons (The Affair of Poisons</i>),
a major murder scandal that took place in Paris between 1677-1682,
during the reign of King Louis XIV.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#34" name="top34" style="color: red;"><sup>39</sup></a> </span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit4mE7ySSoa5U6E2FYOGT0PR6Lc0RaWAsjxrnC6Y_d1cmU44n8KF2WEUX6WEGVZqRi8Pvfccd7QpjVVkd0uQupwbAogp9l7Vx9JPTCZCgu9J3Czsmu0liC6Mctyxc1meTGGp1d_Qvd3qgt/s1600/250px-La_voisin_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit4mE7ySSoa5U6E2FYOGT0PR6Lc0RaWAsjxrnC6Y_d1cmU44n8KF2WEUX6WEGVZqRi8Pvfccd7QpjVVkd0uQupwbAogp9l7Vx9JPTCZCgu9J3Czsmu0liC6Mctyxc1meTGGp1d_Qvd3qgt/s320/250px-La_voisin_.jpg" width="223" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Catherine Deshayes (aka 'La Voisin'), a practicing sorceress from a
peasant background, was at the center of a 'criminal magical
underworld' that operated in Paris and Versailles at the time. La
Voisin's services – which ranged from abortions to love magic to
poisons known as "inheritance powders" – were sought out
by influential members of the French aristocracy. Her most important
client was Madame de Montespan, the official royal mistress to the
king<span style="font-size: small;">. B</span>lack masses and other services were provided for M<span style="font-size: small;">ontespan</span> in order
to maintain her social position and eliminate competing foes within the
king's court. Eventually King Louis XIV himself became the planned
victim for poisoning when <span style="font-size: small;">the Madame</span> fell out of favor with
him. La Voisin, along with
thirty-five accomplices, was tried and executed for the crimes of
witchcraft and attempted regicide. She was publicly burned on the
Place de
Grève in
Paris in 1680.</span></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></b>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: black;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">CONCLUSION</span></b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">“<i>He
who affirms the Devil creates or makes the Devil.”</i> </span></span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">– Eliphas Levi,
<i>Le Ritual le Haute Magie</i></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
Devil is a manifestation conjured from the depths of human
consciousness. An archetype of rebellion. The embodiment of “evil”
as defined by the dominant status quo. The flame that lights the path
of knowledge and self-empowerment through a world darkened by social
and religious enslavement. The “master
of serfs” who, once evoked, has the ability to turn the world
upside down.</span></span><br />
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">By the
18<sup>th</sup> century progressive social changes were taking place
across Europe and the witch-craze that afflicted France, and much of
the continent, had more or less died down. The mass witch hunts ended
with the edict of Louis XIV in 1682, and the last French execution
for heresy was in 1745. The forces of Church and State had also
largely reigned in ("Christianized") the remote and rebellious rural areas,
extinguishing the spirit of defiant social autonomy carried over from
the Middle Ages and earlier times. Devil worship and black magic
practices ceased to be rooted in the pagan folk traditions, heretical
teachings and popular superstitions of the countryside and instead
became the dark plaything of urban bourgeois circles. </span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
</div>
<div class="western">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It
will never be known to what extent accused witches and heretics
actually participated in a culture of Devil worship and ritual black
magic during France's Early Modern Period. But there is enough
testimony (most coerced, some not) and physical evidence to suggest
that at least some diabolical practices were taking place among the
peasantry during this time. And
why not? If a
ruling theocratic order that kept you in crushing servitude was under
threat of being overthrown by “a secret, conspiratorial body organized and
headed by Satan,”<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034#35" name="top35" style="color: red;"><sup>40</sup></a> wouldn’t you join?</span></span></div>
<div class="western">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />published by</span><b> <a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/rebellion-of-the-damned-witchcraft-as-social-revolt-in-early-modern-france/"><span style="font-size: medium;">CVLT NATION</span></a></b></span><a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/the-great-dying-new-englands-coastal-plague-1616-1619/"><b><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></b></a><span style="font-size: x-small;">(September 9, 2014)</span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><a href="http://www.cvltnation.com/no-gods-no-masters-blasphemy-desecration-and-anticlerical-violence-during-the-spanish-civil-war/"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span></a></span></span><br />
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span>
<br />
<hr width="80%" />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="1"><b><br /><span style="color: red; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jeremy Kingston, </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><i>Witches and Withcraft</i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(London: Aldus Books Ltd, 1977), 40. </span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">
<b style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="2" style="color: red;">2 </a></b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Richard M. Golden, </span><b><i>Encyclopedia of Witchcraft: The Western Tradition, Vol. 4 </i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2004), 978. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="3" style="color: red;"><b>3 </b></a>Richard Cavendish, "French Witchcraft," in </span></span><b><i>Man, Myth and Magic: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Supernatural, Vol. 8 </i></b>(Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Corp, 1970), 1046-47.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="4" style="color: red;"><b>4 </b></a>J.C. Barola, "Basque Witchcraft," in </span></span><b><i>Man, Myth and Magic: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Supernatural, Vol. 2</i></b> (Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Corp, 1970), 224.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="5" style="color: red;"><b>5 </b></a></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"Estimates of Executions," based on Ronald Hutton's essay </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b style="font-style: italic;">Counting the Witch Hunt</b>. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">http://www.summerlands.com/crossroads/remembrance/current.htm.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="6" style="color: red;"><b>6 </b></a></i>Lady Stardust, </span></span><i><b><i>Burning Women: The European Witch Hunts, Enclosure and the Rise of Capitalism </i></b></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(London: Past Tense, 2010), 3.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="7" style="color: red;"><b>7 </b></a></i>Richard Cavendish, </span></span><i><b><i>The Black Arts: A Concise History of Witchcraft, Demonology, Astrology, Alchemy and other Mystical Practices Throughout the Ages </i></b></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(New York: Penguin Group, 1983), 288.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="8" style="color: red;"><b>8 </b></a></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="label"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Kathryn Edwards, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><i>Werewolves, Witches, and Wandering Spirits: Traditional Belief and Folklore in Early Modern Europe</i> </b>(Kirksville, MO: Truman State University, 2002)<i>, </i></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">63.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="8" style="color: red;"><b>9 </b></a></i>Sarah Ferber, <i><b><i>Demonic Possession and Exorcism in Early Modern France</i></b> </i>(London: Routledge, 2004). <i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="9" style="color: red;"><b>10 </b></a></i>Lynn Wood Mollenauer, <i><b><i>Strange Revelations: Magic, Poison, and Sacrilege in Louis XIV's France</i></b> </i>(University Park, PA: University of Pennsylvania, 2006).<i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="10" style="color: red;"><b>11 </b></a></i>William E. Burns, </span><i><b><i>Witch Hunts in Europe and America: An Encyclopedia</i></b> </i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003), 279.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="11" style="color: red;"><b>12 </b></a></i>Jules Michelet, </span><i><b><i>La Sorcière: The Witch of the Middle Ages </i></b></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(Calgary: Theopania Publishing, 2011), 204.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="12" style="color: red;"><b>13 </b></a></i>Cavendish, "French Witchcraft," </span></span><i><b><i>Man, Myth and Magic</i></b></i>, 1043.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="13" style="color: red;"><b>14 </b></a></i>Stephen Mitchell, </span><i><b><i>Witchcraft and Magic in the Nordic Middle Ages</i></b></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> (University Park, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013), 120.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red;"><b><i>15 </i></b></a><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="label"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Joseph Klaits, </span></span></span></span><b><i>Servants of Satan: The Age of the Witch Hunts </i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), 134.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red;"><b>16 </b></a></i></span></i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="label"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Edwards, 152.</span></span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red; font-style: italic;"><b>17 </b></a>Jeffrey Burton Russell, "Witchcraft: The Witch Hunts," <i>Encyclopedia Brittanica</i>. https://www.britannica.com/topic/witchcraft.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="14" style="color: red;"><b>18 </b></a></i>Russell Hope Robbins, </span><i><b><i>The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft and Demonology </i></b></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(New York: Crown Publishers, 1959), 421.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="15" style="color: red;"><b>19 </b></a></i>Henri Boguet, </span><i><b><i>An Examen of Witches </i></b></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2009), 55-60.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="16" style="color: red;"><b>20 </b></a></i>Carlo Ginzburg, </span><i><b><i>Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath</i></b> </i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(New York: Random House, 1991).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="17" style="color: red;"><b>21 </b></a></i>Kingston, 36.<i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="18" style="color: red;"><b><br />22 </b></a></i>Silvia Federici, </span><i><b><i>Caliban and the Witch: </i></b></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation </i></b></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(New York: Autonomedia, 2004), 177.</span><i><b> </b></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="19" style="color: red;"><b>23 </b></a></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">E. William Monter, </span><i><b><i>Witchcraft in France and Switzerland: The Borderlands During the Reformation </i></b></i>(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1976), 18.<i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="20" style="color: red;"><b>24 </b></a></i>Michelet, 79-85.<i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="21" style="color: red;"><b>25 </b></a></i>H.T.F. Rhodes, "Black Mass," in </span></span><i><b><i>Man, Myth & Magic: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Supernatural, Vol. 2</i></b> </i>(Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Corp, 1970), 274.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="22" style="color: red;"><b>26 </b></a></i>Robert Masello, </span><i><b><i>Raising Hell: A Concise History of the Black Arts and Those Who Dared to Practice Them </i></b></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">(New York: Penguin Putnam, 1996), 47.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="23" style="color: red;"><b>27 </b></a></i>Masello, 43.<i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="24" style="color: red;"><b>28 </b></a></i>Yves-Marie Bercé, <b style="font-style: italic;">History of Peasant Revolts: The Social Origins of Rebellion in Early Modern France </b>(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990).<i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="25" style="color: red;"><b>29 </b></a></i>Wolfgang Behringer, "</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Weather, Hunger and Fear. The Origins of the European Witch Persecution in Climate, Society and Mentality," in <b><i>The Witchcraft Reader</i></b>, ed. Darren Oldridge (London: Routledge, 2002), 72.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="26" style="color: red;"><b>30 </b></a></i>Richard Kieckhefer, </span><i><b><i>Magic in the Middle Ages </i></b></i>(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000),195-196.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="27" style="color: red;"><b>31 </b></a></i>Monter, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">109-111.</span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="28" style="color: red;"><b>32 </b></a></i>Mollenauer, 92.<i><b> </b></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="29" style="color: red;"><b>33 </b></a></i>Sarah Woodbury, "</span></span>Medieval Poisons<i>," </i>Web. http://www.sarahwoodbury.com/medieval-poisons.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="30" style="color: red;"><b>34 </b></a></i>Francesco-Maria Guazzo, <i style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">The Compendium Maleficarum </i>(Eastford, CT: Martino Fine Books, 2011).<i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="31" style="color: red;"><b>35 </b></a></i>William G. Naphy, <i style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Plagues, Poisons and Potions: Plague-Spreading Conspiracies in the Western Alps, 1530-1640 </i>(Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2002).<i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="32" style="color: red;"><b>36 </b></a></i>Monter, 94.<i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="33" style="color: red;"><b>37 </b></a></i>Darren Oldridge, </span></span><i><b><i>Strange Histories: The Trial of the Pig, the Walking Dead, and other Matter of Fact from the Medieval and Renaissance Worlds </i></b></i>(London: Routledge, 2004), 79-80.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="33" style="color: red;"><b>38 </b></a></i></span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;">Karen Morfu, "</span><span class="Apple-style-span">Witch Hunting in Berrichonne," <i>True Ghost Tales</i>, Web. https://www.trueghosttales.com/paranormal/witch-hunting-in-berrichonne. </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: xx-small;"><br /></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="34" style="color: red;"><b>39 </b></a></i>Mollenauer.<i><br /><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4460192715541619034" name="35" style="color: red;"><b>40 </b></a></i>Pope Innocent VIII, </span><i><b><i>Summis Desiderantes A</i></b></i></span><b><i>ffectibus</i></b><b style="font-style: italic;">, </b><span>aka “The Witch-Bull" (1484)</span>, <i>Wikisource</i>, Web. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Summis_desiderantes.</span>Mark Laskeyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09221596829655982430noreply@blogger.com0